A View from the Bridge †Plot Summary Essay

The main character in the story is Eddie Carbone, an Italian American longshoreman, who lives with his wife, Beatrice and his orphaned niece, Catherine. They live in an insular, self-ruled neighborhood known as a polis. As the play begins, Eddie is protective and kind toward Catherine, although his feelings grow into something more than avuncular as the play develops. His attachment to her is brought into perspective by the arrival from Italy of Beatrice’s two cousins, Marco and Rodolpho. They have entered the country illegally, hoping to leave behind hunger and unemployment for a better life in America. Whereas Marco is a physically strong man with a starving family back home, charming Rodolpho is young, good-looking, blonde, and single, and he sings and dances; Catherine instantly falls for him. After three weeks, the pair have been dating, and Eddie sets about pointing out all of Rodolpho’s flaws to Catherine and Beatrice. He persistently complains that Rodolpho is â€Å"not right,† referring to Rodolpho’s effeminate qualities, such as sewing, cooking and singing. He is embarrassed by Rodolpho’s reputation for singing during work. When Catherine decides to marry Rodolpho, Eddie becomes desperate and begs his lawyer, Alfieri (who is also the narrator), to help him. However, he is told that the only way the law is able to help him is if he informs the Immigration Bureau of the presence of the two illegal immigrants. Due to his earlier assertion that â€Å"it’s an honor† to give the men refuge, he refuses to betray them. At home he continues to passively insult Rodolpho, and ends up getting Rodolpho to fight in a boxing match. In retaliation, Marco challenges Eddie to lift a chair from the bottom of its leg, when Eddie fails to do this, Marco picks up the chair with one hand from the bottom of its leg and lifts it above his head. This demonstates Marco’s superior strength, mentally and physically to Eddie. In the second Act, Eddie catches Rodolpho making love to Catherine, he sees Alfieri a second time. Eddie ignores his lawyer’s advice to let events run their course, and calls the Immigration Bureau. This betrayal proves disastrous: he comes back to learn that Catherine and Rodolpho are engaged, and Beatrice informs him two more illegal immigrants have moved into the upstairs apartment. When the Immigration Officers arrive and arrest the four immigrants, Marco spits in Eddie’s face in front of a street full of people. His betrayal of the two men causes Eddie to lose the respect of his neighbors, friends, and his family. Rodolpho is allowed to stay in the country due to his marriage, but Marco faces imminent deportation. Reluctantly, he promises Alfieri not to take revenge on Eddie (as is the Sicilian custom) and is let out on bail. In the final scene of the play, Eddie is shown to be furious with his humiliation and refuses to attend the wedding. He rejects Rodolpho’s offer to reconcile and refuses to get out of the house when he learns Marco is arriving. The play ends with a fight between Eddie and Marco, in a street filled with his friends and family. Eddie brandishes a knife and attacks Marco, who turns the blade onto Eddie, killing him. It is not known whether Marco actually intended to stab Eddie, and his reaction is not described. Eddie dies as the curtain falls, calling out to Beatrice.

Does Immigration Contribute to a Better America

Does Immigration Contribute to a Better America? Ever since this country was first discovered and settled, people from countries all over the world left their homelands and migrated to the â€Å"New World†. People from Spain, Germany, France, England and Asia traveled great distances to reach a new land of opportunity, to perhaps escape religious persecution or tyrant rulers. For centuries America has been viewed as a place for a fresh start, a place where anybody can come and begin a new life and follow their hopes and dreams. Even today people come to America for the exact same reasons that they did all those years before.However unlike the immigration of our ancestors, the immigrants of today aren’t able to just come here and do what they want without anybody noticing. Today most people view immigration as a problem to the United States. One of the most easily recognizable groups of today’s immigrants comes from Mexico. The Mexican immigrants often come here f or better economic and living opportunities than they had at home. But no matter how much these immigrants want to better their lives for themselves and their families, most Americans feel that they are trouble and a drain on our resources.Despite what many think, the Mexican immigrants are helping our nation. The immigrants take many low end jobs that Americans do not want or are over qualified for, they can also boost our economy with the money they earn from working, and they diversify the nation. Immigration does and will contribute to a better America. Most of the immigrants that come to America from Mexico are just looking for a better life for themselves and their families. The immigrants know that there are plenty of jobs in America for them and they are willing to risk being arrested just for a better opportunity.With all these people eager to work, you would think the immigrants would be more accepted by the American people. There are many jobs that most Americans simply w ill and do not want to take due to low pay and amount of work. But thanks to immigrants that would love to have the opportunity to work in our country these jobs are taken. With each immigrant that comes and gets a job, more money is spent within the American economy. The more money spent in the economy will eventually help it grow making us a more prosperous nation financially.The more money the immigrants spend in the US the more demand they cause for the people who make the goods they purchase. But the immigrants do not only help our country when they make money in the US, many send money home to their loved ones to help pay for things they need. Immigration does not only help the economy of the US, it also benefits the country that the immigrant comes from. According to Philippe Legrain, a journalist and economist, â€Å"migrants from poor countries working in rich ones send home much more – $200 billion a year officially,† (The Case for Immigration).With all this money coming and going from immigrants, it’s unbelievable that we look down on immigration. The people who make the immigration laws are blind to the fact that the migrants help our economy. Instead of trying to keep migrants out we should allow them easier access into our nation for work, and then when they are ready they should be allowed to leave. Once immigrants get into the US many become stuck and unable to go home because it is too risky. If we allowed them to move freely most would just come temporarily to get enough money for what they need back home.According to Legrain, â€Å"Most migrants do not want to leave home forever: they want to go work abroad for a while to earn enough to buy a house or set up a business back home. † (The Case for Immigration). Of course some of the migrants would want to stay, but there wouldn’t be an overwhelming number of them. The immigrants that do settle would not only contribute to our work force and economy, they will add diversity to our country. Having many people from all over the world is something that can be beneficial to any country. Many of America’s venture-capital backed start-ups have immigrant founders. Legrain) With introduction of new peoples come new ideas, cultural experiences, and skills that can all be used to benefit our country. High skilled people from other countries could help American companies develop new drugs, technologies, appliances and even new architectural ideas. † Twenty-one of Britain’s Nobel-prize winners arrived in the country as refugees. † (Legrain) The foreigners with new ideas could spark the next big American innovation with their different ways of thinking and perspective. Since they are new to our country they see differently than we do, and can have a completely different view on things.This cultural diversity can also transform little towns into cities with the new people inhabiting them. The immigrants could bring in their c ultures and help build our towns into culturally diverse cities that would maybe attract tourists and new residents. Although there are many benefits of immigration, many believe that the immigrants would take away from American workers and steal jobs. However this is not true, many immigrants cannot compete with American workers due to skill differences and jobs they are willing to do.Also, there aren’t a fixed number of jobs going around for everyone, and immigrant workers are not substitutes for American ones. These fallacies are really what deter many American people from lowering the immigration laws and allowing more immigrants into the country. If the people of our country knew the benefits of having more immigrants, the laws wouldn’t be so strict and more migrants would be allowed to come and work in our country. It is time that the government really recognizes the benefits of immigration to our country.More immigrants means more working people, more working pe ople means a lower unemployment rate and more money being spent in our country. The more money spent in the US means a better economy which is something that this country needs. We need to allow the immigrants into our country not only to help us, but to help them make money for themselves and their families. If America truly is an equal opportunity country, then we need to give all people the same opportunities. Sources: â€Å"Philippe Legrain. † The Case for Immigration :. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. http://www. philippelegrain. com/the-case-for-immigration/.

Causes of the American Revolution Essay

The American Revolution began in 1755 as an open conflict between the thirteen colonies and Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris had ended that war in 1783, giving the colonies their own independence. There are many factors contributing to the start of the Revolution, but the war began as the way The Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. For example, the French and Indian War, Salutary Neglect, the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, smuggling, etc. are some of the starters to the American Revolution. This problem is provided in one of the most rallying cries of the Revolution: No Taxation Without Representation. I believe that the American Revolution was a radical revolutionary war because similarities between American government and British Parliament and the fact that those in positions of power and leadership in the colonies were the same men who led the revolution. Events like the Boston Tea Party were acts of civil disobedience. They intentionally broke a law to showcase the unjustness of said law. Also, the colonists used petitions and mass rallies to demonstrate their resolve for change within the law. The colonists wanted westward expansion, which Parliament was limiting. The only way to continue expanding at the current rate would mean taking the land. Whether or not this was right, it demonstrates the Colonists willingness to abandon their parent country in favor of their own desires. If the revolution was a ‘conservative protest’, then the colonists would have dispersed after events like the closing of Boston Harbor and Lexington and Concord. Instead the colonists rallied, supply Boston through massive wagon trains after Boston harbor was closed, and created an army after Lexington and Concord. The final colonial war was the French and Indian war (1689-1763). During this war, England lost a lot of money and felt that the Americans should pay for the â€Å"protection† they gave us. T his was also solidified America as America. Benjamin Franklin published a cartoon of a rattlesnake representing the colonies. The phrase â€Å"join or die† was added, sending a clear signal that this was a new nation in the â€Å"New World.† The cost of the French and Indian War caused the Britain the need for getting more money, and to do this, they made the Americans pay more taxes. This lead to the rebellion and revolution of America. From 1603 to 1763, the British policy for governing the American colonies was called Salutary Neglect. Under Salutary Neglect, enforcement of parliament law was not strict enough for the colonists. According to the law of the days, trade between American colonists and other nations were very restricted. Colonists were only allowed to trade with England, Scotland, and Ireland. Salutary Neglect allowed Great Britain to turn a blind eye to illegal trade activities with other countries, which were difficult and expensive to enforce. As stated by Sir Robert Walpole, â€Å"If no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish.† In 1764, Parliame nt passed an the Sugar and Molasses act. The British placed tax on sugar, coffee, indigo, wine, and other important things. They did this because they wanted more money to help provide security for the colonies. The Sugar Act made colonists very upset because if they only traded with Britain, they would not be able to sell their goods for much. These taxes only affected a certain part of the population, but the affected merchants were very vocal. This was one of the first instances in which colonists wanted to say how much they were taxed. This act, and the Currency Act, set the stage for the revolt of the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament on 1765. The new tax required all American colonists to pay a tax on every piece of paper they used. For example, birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, ship’s papers, newspapers, and even playing cards. The money collected from the Stamp Act would be used to help pay for the cost of defending and protecting the American frontiersmen. With this act, the colonists’ anger reached the boiling point. The frustration was now to take the form of rebellion. The previous Molasses Act, Navigation Acts, and Sugar Act suddenly were seen as a prelude to this final blow. During the revolution, the Declaration of Independence served as a motivational document for the revolutionaries. King George III dismissed it, and it carried no political patch. The signitaries did risk their lives by signing it, and therefore the Declaration lifted moral, or at least the decision to overthrow British rule. The document gave a clarity to the American cause that it had previously lacked, and that the British were never to gain. The Declaration of Independence also made any hopes of a peaceful settlement much less likely – Independence once declared could not easily be surrendered. Each colony declared itself an independent state and replaced the king’s governor. Citizens, including women and slaves, plunged into the War under the command of General Washington. In the end, the American Revolution grew out of their restrictions placed upon their colonies by the British. The treaty signed in Paris on September 3rd, 1783 brings the American Revolution to its successful conclusion. The causes of the American Revolution were both economical and political. Each action by the colonists or Parliament seemed to bring about an effect by the other side. It was a progress changing the colonies from dependent to independent states, from monarchy to republic, but in the end, we succeeded. Individuals and groups drastically changed the course of history.

Supply chain Technologies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Supply chain Technologies - Case Study Example The U.K. high street fashion industry is a complex business with an estimated 44.5 billion in annual revenues (Barlow, 2006). It includes a wide range of enterprises in the apparel, footwear, home textiles, and accessories markets, full-price and discount retailers, and design source and selling companies. Some have their own manufacturing facilities whilst others outsource production but retain control over parts of the production process. Dominating the highly-competitive UK fashion market is Marks & Spencer, followed by discount fashion specialist brands such as Primark and TK Maxx, all competing with Burberry, Italy's Prada, Chloe (France), Hugo Boss (Germany), and Donna Karan (U.S.). Fashion and apparel manufacturing has almost disappeared in the U.K. due to cheap imports from China, which has likewise developed into a manufacturing base for the established global brands. U.K. manufacturing is focused on specialist fashion clothing and luxury products, mostly for wealthy customers in developed countries. The industry is marked by the integration of manufacturers and retailers, with the top three U.K. fashion retailers - M&S, Next, and Arcadia - remaining vertically integrated, producing and retailing their own brands. The other high street fashion brands prefer specialist retailers, outsourcing their production in different countries and sending the finished products to the U.K. The industry continues to be driven by retailers rather than manufacturers and marked by the growing polarisation between discounters and full-price retailers. The highly competitive nature of the business will continue to intensify. Full-price retailers need to capitalise on young consumer demand for distinctive designs, quality materials, and individual styles sold as "fast fashion" with items offered for a limited time before new styles are released (Doshi, 2006). The industry's operational requirements have changed in the last twenty years, since the time when high street fashion houses sourced most of their raw materials from U.K. textile manufacturers. These were then transformed by U.K. designers, most with their own production facilities, into wearable apparel or accessories for domestic and export sales. Under this traditional system, high street fashion houses competed on the basis of designs, quality brand image, and productivity and were able to command higher margins. However, with the rise of global production centres in Asia and Latin America, not only for textiles but also for finished high-quality apparel, most high street fashion houses are being squeezed towards the higher value-added design and brand marketing activities and feeling greater pressure to outsource production and improve operational management efficiencies. Aside from the growing power of consumers, price discounting pressures, and design copyright problems, the industry faces the following major operations management issues: 1) complexity of the supply chain; 2) speed to product launch and delivery; 3) managing the product mix; 4) inventory control maintenance; and 5) fast-changing technologies. Airlines The airline industry consists of a wide range of companies, from those with a single airplane carrying mail or cargo through full-service international airlines operating hundreds of airplanes of various types. These companies

Globalization and it's effects on Hawaii Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization and it's effects on Hawaii - Essay Example Being an island nation, Hawaii has always attracted tourists from among all regions of the world and it has remained their main source of revenue. Globalization has also facilitated transnational â€Å"capital flow, transportation, tourism† and other kinds of alliances amongst nations, which played a major role in boosting Hawaii’s economy (15). Thus, the phenomenon of globalization, on the one hand, has accelerated economic and technological developments in Hawaii, but, on the other hand, it has had devastating effects on its environment and ecological balance as well as reduces the employment opportunities of local population. The capitalist philosophy that the elimination of national boundaries and the â€Å"rational operation of the free market† nourish prosperity does reflect on the economic growth of the island nation (Sheppard 308). In early days, agriculture has been one of the main resources of Hawaii but â€Å"sugar transformed† the nation initially as an industry based economy (Firth 183). Subsequently, falling in tandem with the trends of globalization, the Hawaiian outlook further changed from an agricultural society to a service based community primarily gaining strength from the exponential growth in tourism and allied industries. This transition, characterized by the emergence of â€Å"new market forces† coupled with the â€Å"new technologies of transport† has further accelerated the economic development of Hawaii (179). Similarly, â€Å"economic globalization† can have several positive outcomes for countries, in terms of enhanced quality of life, as can be evidenced from the progress that Hawaii has made in various aspects (Globalization and Environmental Sustainability 259). In addition, the liberalized policies of immigration, and the ease with which it can be processed as a consequence of globalization,

Dividend Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dividend Policy - Essay Example The news report also cited a clause in the lawsuit, which states that Greenlight is voting AGAINST Proposal 2 in Apples proxy, which would eliminate preferred stock from Apples charter. The Proposal 2 bundles several proposals regarding how preferred stocks are issued at Apple. Apple responded that the charge is not appropriate, with Greenlight grossly misrepresenting data, which formed the basis for its own proposal. Based from the report, the dividend payment appears to be a form of extra or special dividend, which is paid during a period of high earning (Chapter 18). The success of its products, notably the iPhone and the iPad, saw the meteoric rise of Apple’s stock price, peaking at about $700 in September of 2012 (Molina). As a result, the company has a lot of cash on hand. Indeed, according to Apple it is distributing $45 billion within the span of three years (Molina). However, unlike most dividends under this category, Apple opted to follow quarterly payments, which is the most common practice among companies (Chapter 18). The decision to pay shareholders with dividends was only introduced after Steve Jobs’ death, after Tim Cook assumed leadership. Apple has been notorious for its policy of holding out on its cash hoard (particularly during Jobs’ tenure), and refusing to pay dividends to its shareholders. This dividend policy is, of course, justified. Apple has been known to spend much of its cash on research and development. This can also be attributed to the fact that dividend reduces the value of the firm (Chapter 18). Also, dividends are considered to be irrelevant as a policy. The reason for this is that â€Å"investors will not pay higher prices for firms with higher dividends because they do not need it to convert shares to cash† (Chapter 18). It was only last year that Apple changed its position when the company decided to pay

Cause and Effect essay on The MIsfit in A good Man is Hard To FInd

Cause and Effect on The MIsfit in A good Man is Hard To FInd - Essay Example The views expressed by The Misfit are not simple, though, and there are many factors in his life that have lead him to become the person that he is. To begin examining The Misfits views, we should start with the remote causes of the Misfits agnosticism. Growing up in the South, he would have grown up with a strong religious background. He even states that his parents were good people: â€Å"God never made a finer woman than my mother and my daddy’s heart was pure gold† (456). While it may be possible that The Misfit is being sarcastic or overly-patronizing, his brutal honesty throughout would seem to contradict this. At one point he states that he â€Å"was a gospel singer for a while† (457), furthering to depict The Misfit as a man with a strong religious background. Without a religious background in which The Misfit would have learned the religious views of Christianity, he wouldn’t have seen any contradictions inherent and would have no reason to be agnostic. As far as remote causes expressed, the first time that The Misfit makes a statement showing his less than believing nature can also be viewed as a remote cause. When the grandmother asks why he doesn’t pray, the Misfit replies â€Å"I don’t need no hep†¦I’m doing all right by myself† (458). If The Misfit has no need for God, then there isn’t any need for him to try to make himself believe in something that he sees as contradictory, and this serves as an additional reason as to why The Misfit is agnostic. To move closer to the causes and effects of The Misfits agnosticism, we will need to discuss the contributory causes. These can be summed up by saying that The Misfit feels as though he has been wronged and life in general doesn’t seem to be fair or have a sense of justice. To illustrate this, The Misfit states that he â€Å"never was a bad boy that I remember of†¦but somewhere along the line I done something wrong and got sent to the penitentiary. I was buried alive† (457).

A written summary of the article .The Ordinary Heroes of Taj Assignment

A written summary of the article .The Ordinary Heroes of Taj - Assignment Example Guests at the Japanese restaurant within the hotel were also caught up in the attack. They were instructed to hide beneath their tables, and the waiters formed a human shield between them and the attackers. Later, upon evacuation, the guests were allowed to leave first with the staff following close behind. The head waiter who was in charge, Thomas Varghese, did not make it out since the attackers shot him as he was the last one to leave the room. During the attack, 31 people lost their lives, 11 of whom were staff members at the hotel. Most of the dead staff members had sacrificed their lives to protect their guests from getting hurt during the incident. There was wide acclaim over the dedication of the staff at the hotel due to the manner in which they conducted themselves; not only were they calm, but they also went out of their way to help their guests to safety (Raina and Rohit, 5). This level of commitment by employees had not seen before, given that there were no official policies that existed at the time to deal with such a scenario. The human resource approach used at the hotel hires people based on devotion and integrity and trains them for 18 months; six more than the regular 12 months in other establishments. The result was a team of loyal employees who had the best interests of the customers at the core of all their

Nuevo Hotel Budgeting Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nuevo Hotel Budgeting Control - Essay Example For its management Nuevo adopted the normal Comodo team-structure, consisting of the General Manager with a five-member advisory 'Board of Directors' and ten independent business unit (IBU) managers. This organisational arrangement was "intended to generate a flexible and entrepreneurial spirit, so promoting creativity and risk taking while still ensuring sound responsibility and accountability". It was also intended to emphasise "empowerment, teamwork and knowledge-sharing - enabling all management and staff to use their initiatives and 'do what they have been trained to do' in order to provide an outstanding standard of service". Nancy Foster, an experienced and highly respected GM in the Comodo group was appointed as GM of Nuevo, to be assisted by a management team, some of whose members had been experienced in and imbued with the 'management culture' of Comodo, while the others, experienced in hospitality business shared Comodo's mission of making it "the best business and leisur e hotel company in the world", through their energetic, committed and responsible work., 'which always exceeded their guests' expectations'. Nancy was very experienced as a GM, but this was her first experience of 'opening' a new property. She thought it obligatory for her to make Nuevo the 'standard-bearer' for Comodo Group's "UK and European operations in the rapidly evolving 'information/virtual' age". To achieve this she thought it wise and prudent to involve the entire management team in developing key control systems for the hotel. She was well aware, of course, that management control system was a 'two-edged sword' in that while it could influence employee behaviour to achieve the company's goals, it could also "lead to large losses and possibly even to organisational failure". The team had already completed the management system in almost all areas of hotel management except in the important area of 'management accounting controls, including establishing the hotel's first budget'. In the management team meeting held to chalk out this problem, what emerged was the implications of the benefits and drawbacks of the ' traditional' budgeting procedures for designing an effective budget control system for Nuevo. Traditional Budget Control System Traditionally 'management teams of Comodo hotels usually based their first few annual income budgets on the feasibility study projections carried out to 'inform' the decision to invest in the project'. This helps the Home Office to get an early view of how the hotel is doing compared with the project appraisal. But then, these would be outdated in that they were drawn up years ago, and in the case of Nuevo, three years ago. Nancy wanted the first year budget proposal handed down to them by the Home Office to be revised because since the time of the project report two other hotels had come up in Manchester and competition had become 'hot'. However, Nuevo's Finance director advised Nancy to go long with the Home Office because everyone would be busy in

Family Assessment and Substance Abuse Assignment

Family Assessment and Substance Abuse - Assignment Example Violence here can be physical, verbal, or sexual. This can be attributed to the impaired reasoning state that a person assumes after using drugs. Drugs have been known to interfere with one’s perception of things and so tend to think illogically and irrationally. Those who suffer here are spouses of drug addicts as well as their children. In addition to this, the physical state of drug addicts is also affected. Psychologically, drug addicts are affected, as they appear mentally deranged (Thombs et. al., 1997. Their thinking and reasoning is impaired, and as a result, their decisions affect their families. The resultant effect of drug abuse in a family includes denial and keeping of that issue secretive. As a result, the family makes changes in the ways it deals with the substance abuse problem. Some of the rules that have been documented to exist in families where substance abuse is an issue include; all family members are encouraged not to feel the painful effects that drug u se cause a family member to do. These changes include emotional and behavioral changes. Children and spouses affected here do not talk about or express their emotions in public, but in case this happens, the reaction is always violent and abusive. In such families, there is lack of trust since many promises made are always cancelled or forgotten. This erodes the trust of family members, especially children who grow up with this notion. If anyone abuses drugs while expectant, then there are chances that they will give birth to babies with low birth weight. In addition to this, babies born by addictive mothers suffer from withdrawal syndrome soon after birth or acquire fetal alcohol syndrome. Substance abuse... This essay stresses that organizations that are responsible for drug trafficking should be dismantled and their leaders arrested and prosecuted in international courts. However, this method has not been effective as much, probably due to the high rate of corruption and presence of rogue law enforcers and top government officials who benefit from drug sales. Also, fundamental is the enhancement of policies that will control the sale of prescription drugs so that they are not abused. The government has put in place some acts and legislations that are aimed at controlling the vice. For example, the Drug abuse Control amendments of 1965. This was formed to act as a modification of the Food, drug, and cosmetics act. Through this act, some drugs were labeled as stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, required licenses, and control in terms of distribution and sales. The bureau of narcotics and dangerous drugs was also formed, and handles control of marijuana and narcotics, as well as other drugs. Finally yet importantly in control of substance abuse and addiction is the online counseling services that help drug users. This paper makes a conclusion that substance abuse is without a doubt a major problem that has affected all and sundry in the world, be it directly or indirectly. Even though there are measures in place to curb this problem, it is evident that a lot more has to be done if total eradication is to be achieved. This will bring normalcy to families and the society as whole.

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Business - Essay Example Company has adopted a franchise model to manage its stores (KFC, 2011). There is a tremendous amount of planning that goes into the business. One of the most important is supply chain management. The supply chain is very vast as there are numerous raw materials required for the company to deliver the finished products. Therefore, different raw materials from different suppliers need to be at the right place and at the right time for the operations to run smoothly. Hence, planning is essential in managing the supply chain operations. Planning is also essential in strategy making aspects of the business such as marketing, branding, pricing, etc. Another important aspect of the business that needs planning is the management of the human resources. Each restaurant has many employees working both part time and full time, and in different shifts. This needs intelligent planning on the company’s part in order to ensure effectiveness in its operations. There is a lot of organization in the business. The top management is responsible for executing level management of the company which involves strategy making on various aspects of the business such as expansion, advertising, branding, pricing, growth, investment, etc. The organization must have a top-down approach to management, which means that it has a vertical decision making hierarchy. There are various levels of middle management as the company has operations in different countries with each country needing customised approach. The first line managers are vital to the overall operations as they are the ones who are responsible for delivering the products and services to the customers. They take care of entire management of restaurants at ground

Media and the Idea of Beauty Essay Example for Free

Media and the Idea of Beauty Essay Elizabeth Rosales Cultural Anthropology-A18: Yi,Zhou April 21, 2011 Response Paper: Killing Us Softly Who are we? Who am I? With the average American exposed to approximately 3,000 ads a day they all remind us of who we are not and who we should be. The images we are constantly bombarded with by the mass media don’t just sell products they â€Å"sell values, images, concepts of love, sex, and normativity†, standards to which we so often compare ourselves to. Ads reinforce gender binaries, all making a statement about what it means to be a woman in this culture of thinness stressing a particular importance on physical beauty. Jean Kilbourne’s film Killing Us Softly explores and exposes the detrimental effects of the objectification and dehumanization in the representation of women in the popular culture, specifically advertisements. With only less than five percent of women of the entire population that reflect the images of the women advertised, the majority of women are left to feel ashamed for not trying hard enough. Women’s bodies are increasingly subjected to strict scrutiny under a magnifying glass by our superficial culture, these actions bring forth and further feed the shame and embarrassment women associate with their bodies, their sexuality, their size, and their weight. Spending self-conscious days, weeks, months, and even years in front of a mirror and scale, inspecting our bodies in front of a mirror comparing ourselves to the images spread over magazine covers as women we are repeatedly reminded that our bodies are home to imperfections and there is always room for improvement whether that be through exercise, plastic surgery, dieting, or over the counter â€Å"beauty and health† products. Rosales 2 Is this self-improvement or self-destruction? Today, 1 in 5 women are likely to develop an eating disorder and cosmetic surgery is more popular than ever before. More and more women each day are going under the knife for breast enhancements losing all sensation in their breasts. Such procedures dehumanize and objectify women transforming them from â€Å"subjects to objects†, all because as women we are conditioned by the dominant culture to want to feel desirable and seek the approval of men. The breasts, therefore, become a source of pleasure for the men and not the women who undergo the procedure. These internalized feelings drive many to strive to obtain an unattainable beauty and live up to certain impossible expectations whether it’s consciously or not. We fail to recognize that most of the images we are exposed to are computer generated, they are not real women they have been photo shopped and manipulated to look like that and yet we continue to perpetuate these images as the standards for beauty. Much more, the standards that women are expected to live up to is a paradox of ideas, we are to be both â€Å"innocent and sexy, virgin and experienced† child/doll-like and sex objects simultaneously. Can that be any more absurd? Gender is a performance that the mass media is largely responsible for defining, if we are not thin or beautiful enough then we are not feminine enough. The oppression and misrepresentation of women is not limited to gender though, race plays an active role in the representation of women. Asian women for example, are depicted as docile and passive lovers, whereas black and Hispanic women are hyper sexualized and portrayed as exotic promiscuous â€Å"creatures† dressed in animal prints. The perfect ideal woman was manufactured and it’s time we recognize this, she is an illusion that doesn’t exist outside of caricature. Instead of altering our Rosales 3 bodies to fit those Barbie doll like measurements we need to start portraying the large diversity of women accurately and stop condemning those who are not thin enough, tall enough, light enough, as not being beautiful because they aren’t trying hard enough to fit those categories.

Save the Animals Animal Testing Paper

Save the Animals Animal Testing Paper Melanie Sellner A poor animal shivers in a cage waiting for the researchers to return and continue testing. Dogs, cats, hamsters, mice, and primates are only a few of the many animals that are tested on daily. Even though some animal testing has been successful most are flawed because animals are too different from humans; therefore it should be stopped. Libby was a dog rescued from a lab, along with 250 other cats and dogs, that was shut down because of a PETA investigation. She crawled up to people, too scared to stand, the only thing separating her from the others was the number on her ear. She had hookworm, tapeworm, a vaginal infection and her teeth were rotten. The lab where she was rescued from was paid to infest dogs or cats with worms ticks and fleas. Then the animals were force-fed or smeared with chemicals to test products for companions.The PETA investigation showed they kicked, threw and dragged dogs. They lifted puppies by their throats and screamed at the animals. This investigation prompted the lab to fire four people; one was a supervisor, on felony cruelty charges. After her rescue, Libby is happy with her new family, playing tug-o-war and wrestling with the two other dogs the family owns(@peta). Of the millions of animals that are used in research facilities, the Animal Welfare Act or AWA does not cover rats, mice, fish and birds, which comprise around 95% of the animals used in research(Animal). The AWA-covered 1,134,693 animals used for testing in the fiscal year 2010, which leaves around 25 million other animals that are not covered(Animal). These animals are especially vulnerable to mistreatment and abuse without the protection of the AWA. The bodily structure, the chemical reactions used to keep cells alive, and cellular differences between animals and people make animals poor models for human beings. Paul Furlong, Professor of Clinical Neuroimaging at Aston University (UK), states that its very hard to create an animal model that even equates closely to what were trying to achieve in the human(Animal).   Thomas Hartung, Professor of Evidence-Based Toxicology at John Hopkins University, argues for alternatives to animal testing because we are not 70 kg rats(Animal). Animal testing . Many animals used in experiments are force fed, forced to inhale, food and water deprivation, prolonged physical restraint, burned or are inflicted with other types wounds to study how they heal. The causing of pain to study its effects and remedies is cruel and inhumane. Killing by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, neck-breaking, decapitation, or other means are some of the ways these poor animals die. One example of cruel testing is the Draize eye test which involves rabbits being forced to keep their eyes open, with clips, for prolonged periods of time and is used by cosmetic companies to test produces. Another commonly used test is the   LD50 (lethal dose 50) test which involves finding out how much of a chemical will kill 50% of the animals being used in the experiment. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported in 2010 that 97,123 animals suffered pain during experiments and were given no anesthesia for relief(Animal). Jane Goodall is a chimpanzee specialist who has studied them for 50 years; she received a video of an animal testing lab and was horrified by what she saw. Chimps in the wild are close, supportive and have affectionate bonds between family members that last throughout their lives. They have nonverbal communication patterns of posture and touch that are similar to ours, like   kissing, embracing, patting one another, swaggering, wave their fists, tickling and laughing. They even have a sense of humor and a sense of self that sets them apart. On the other hand chimp in cages, like the young, who lose their mothers may show signs of depression comparable to those of a socially deprived human child. Chimps show a variety of stereotypic stress behaviors, such as rocking, swaying, moving from side to side, and repetitiously banging on the mesh of their cages, the walls or the ceiling. And when researchers come to retrieve a patient the procedure causes extreme panic. Most researchers couldnt care less about the animals in many cases. Animals stay in metal cages with no bedding or enrichment activities. Baby chimpanzees wearing diapers, clinging to each other, in their sterile cages. The cages of the adults were small and absolutely bare. There might be one shelf on which a chimpanzee could sit. When the staff, with gloves and masks, showed adult chimpanzees syringes the chimps would shy away and wouldnt come, when this happened a capture gun was used. The sight of the gun caused panic with all the chimps. When the gun was used, the researchers did nothing to calm the panicked chimps. The chimps in the video were gradually confined to a smaller and smaller space. When researchers would sedate chimpanzees they didnt care if the chimp was on a perch and would fall. Jane Goodall didnt see any chimpanzee being given a reward-not even a kind or encouraging word when they did something correct. One researcher put an orange outside the cage where it coul d not be reached by the chimpanzee who rocked from side to side in depression. Most researchers have a lack of concern for the psychological welfare of the chimpanzees and that needs to change.(Goodall). Animal research has few successful results, is cruel and should be stopped. Hundreds of millions of animals lives can be saved if animal research is stopped. You can help by buying cruelty-free products or donate to foundations like PETAs Rescue and Investigations fund to help them continue to investigate cruelty and seek justice for the animal victims. Works Cited @peta. Life After the Laboratory: Libbys Story. PETA Life After the Laboratory Libbys Story  Comments. PETA People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 18 Oct. 2016. Animal Testing ProCon.org. ProConorg Headlines. ProCon.org, 25 May 2016. Web. 18 Oct.  2016. Goodall, Jane. Jane Goodall Responds to Undercover Chimpanzee Investigation. : The  Humane Society of the United States. The Humane Society of the United States, 4 Mar. 2009. Web. 19 Oct. 2016.

What is reading :: Word Recognition, Reading Comprehension

What is reading? At a very tender age, when I first learned to read words, I was excited because I was now a reader but was I really reading or just lifting words off paper? Even though this is necessary for reading, reading is more complex than just recognizing words. The reader has to make sense of the words base and their context. While engaged in reading, the prior knowledge is activated along with personal connection, ideas, and opinions. Unfortunately, children will develop reading problems if they do get the necessary stills that will allow them to function on a higher level and succeed in life. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) mentioned that it is said that â€Å"Children must learn to read so that later they can read to learn† (pg. 4). Therefore reading is the foundation that children need to be successful in life. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) advised that to help children read better and develop a love for reading, fall on the laps of the teaching professionals since they are the planner and implementation of instructional services (pg. 3). It is understandable that even though there are different levels of readers, the ultimate goal is for teachers to create good readers in children. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) iterate that reading is making sense of text. The reader generates his or her own mental version of what is been read (pg. 13). In my field experience, I have seen children who could read any word off paper but had no opinion of what is going on in the story. I have also experienced teachers getting frustrated when their students are not able to decipher or decode words in context or make connection to text. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) talked about the three elements of reading. There is the reader, the reading material and the reading situation. The r eader brain is super active while making sense of the material and creating a version that will fit into the reader scheme (pg. 13). As I think back on Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner’s observation, I can remember reading about a Niagara Falls at a young age in Jamaica, West Indies and not knowing what Niagara Falls looks like, I construction in my mind that it looked like Dunn’s River fall in Jamaica. Years later I realized Dunn’s River Fall cannot be compare to Niagara Falls.

Schizophrenia :: essays research papers

One of the major disorders in the psychology field is schizophrenia, a serious brain disorder. It is a disease that makes it difficult for a person to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences. The word traces back to Greek terms for â€Å"split† and for â€Å"mental functions.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two different types of schizophrenia. One is reactive schizophrenia, which is characterized by the symptoms that are sudden and easily identified. The second type is called process schizophrenia, which develops gradually over a person’s life. The cause of schizophrenia is so puzzling even experts sometimes don’t know what causes the disease. One possible cause for schizophrenia is from heredity. The disease can be passed down from one generation to another. Some researchers also state that it might be caused from the events in a person’s life. The dopamine hypothesis states that schizophrenia may be caused by an excess of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. There are so many possibilities of how schizophrenia is developed that’s why it makes it so impossible to come up with one answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A person who has schizophrenia experiences schizophrenia goes through speech disorder, the person will talk and make no sense but will use proper grammar and sentence structure. They also go through hallucinations and delusions, which the person hears voices that, convey instructions about what to think, feel, and do. For example, my uncle suffers from schizophrenia. During the day he will just stare at the sun. When someone asks him why he is staring at the sun he will say, â€Å"They tell me to stare at the sun. It will give you power.† He thinks he is normal but he isn’t. People with schizophrenia don’t realize they have a brain disease. They think they are normal like others around them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no cure for schizophrenia today, but proper treatment can usually control the symptoms of schizophrenia.

English Essay -- English Literature

English The Crucible Essay The Crucible, a tale of superstition and tyrannical oppression set to shake our complacency and make us think. Arthur Miller, the author of this compelling play, deals with controversial issues and subjects which could be classed as taboo such as infidelity and witchcraft. He has a rare talent when it comes to writing and conveying human emotions to his audience. Act 2 opens in the ‘common room’ of Proctor’s house. John Proctor arrives later than usual after a hard days work. Carrying his gun he enters the â€Å"low, dark and rather long living-room†. The stage directions not only suggest he is displeased with his food upon tasting it - he meddles with the pot situated on the fire: â€Å"Then he lifts out the ladle and tastes. He is not quite pleased†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - but also suggest that the setting in which this takes place is depressing and lifeless, symbolising the feelings that are conjured up in John when entering his ‘home’. The first words spoken between husband and wife are Elizabeth questioning his whereabouts in a very accusational way ‘What keeps you so late? It’s dark.’. There is no reaction from John just an honest reply as if Elizabeth had no double meaning to her inquiry, no Hi or Hello in sight. From then onwards basic chit-chat such as the farm and the weather ‘Pray now for a fair summer’ fill their conversation. The little conversation that they manage to force feels stunted and false as both John and Elizabeth are being too polite - not as man and wife should behave. John manages to eat a whole meal but they only speak six or more times leaving much of the time to be filled by uncomfortable silence. Elizabeth watches the reaction of her husband when he tastes her .. ... utter despair. The confession of John’s left her feeling vulnerable and alone. Her suspicion of her husband is so strong because of her low self-esteem and insecurities. Abigail threatens her. What is she to do? Everyday she is faced with the reminder that she wasn’t enough for the love of her life but she has no choice - she cannot leave. Society had not yet accepted even the concept of divorce, especially Practising Catholics like themselves. People judged their neighbours and it mattered about keeping up appearances. There would be no way Elizabeth could have confided in a ‘friend’ about her husband’s infidelity and there was absolutely no way she could walk out on her marriage - divorce was out of the question. Though it may be all dead and buried and laid to rest in John’s mind, for Elizabeth the wounds are just as deep as the day they were made.

Steam-powered Boilers

Boilers are closed containers where a fluid is heated to generate steam above the atmospheric pressure (Steingress, 2001 5). Thus, they are often called steam-powered boilers since the steam they generate is utilized as a source of energy such as electricity. Boilers have two primary parts. These are the compartment for fuel combustion and the other compartment for evaporation of water to produce steam (Prasad). The steam produced then, leaves the water compartment and is used for various purposes (Steingress, 2003 4).The main materials for boiler construction can be carbon steel, stainless steel, brass or cast iron. These materials are used since they are not flammable and they are good conductors of heat. Inside the boiler, combustion of fuels such as wood, coal, natural gas or oil, generates the heat needed to turn water into steam. History of Boilers Pneumatica was the first steam machine ever produced in the history of mechanics. This steam engine was the first employment of wat er generated into steam to produce power. It was invented in the 1st century by a Greek mathematician and inventor named Hero of Alexandria.In the Middle Ages and Renaissance period, Italian architect and inventor Giovanni Branca designed the first boiler. The boiler discharges steam, which in turn, struck the blades of a wheel thus, causing it to rotate. Later, in the year 1785, Scottish inventor James Watt redesigned the previous boiler. He introduced the use of spherical and cylindrical vessels heated from below by open fire to generate steam. This design is what makes up the modern-day boiler (Prasad). Applications of Boilers Boilers have various purposes. Nevertheless, most of its applications are in the field of energy generation for further functions.One good example is the use of boiler in the first steam engine produced. Thomas Savery built this steam engine made of two copper vessels, which are alternately filled with steam from a boiler. The said engine was used for pumpi ng water out of mines (Prasad). Other useful applications of boilers are boiler feed water deaerator, external combustion engine, fossil fuel power plant generator, and ship propeller power generator. There are still other uses of boilers especially in the industry; however, these applications are specific for each type of boiler.There are two major types of boilers: fire-tube boilers and water-tube boilers. Fire-tube Boilers The fore-runner of a fire-tube boiler was invented by Oliver Evans in America. Evans built a boiler consisting of cylindrical casings where one is inside the other and the region between them containing water. The fire and fuel in this type of boiler are inside the cylinder thus allowing an increase in steam pressure (Prasad). Fire-tube boilers, compared to water-tube boilers, have low steam production rate. However, this type of boiler has a high steam storage capacity.Fire-tube boilers usually utilize solid fuels; nevertheless, liquid fuels can also be used u pon adaptation of the device. One hazard of fire-tube boilers is that they are sometimes explosive (Prasad). In fire-tube boilers, the boiler barrel is almost completely filled with water with a small space above to enclose the steam that is produced. The source of fuel is a furnace, which is cooled by water around it, to prevent overheating which may cause explosions. Fire- tube boilers are also known as smoke-tube or shell boiler and fire pipe.Boilers of this type are typically used for steam locomotives and for heating buildings in stationary engineering fields. There are several kinds of fire-tube boilers that differ only in the way the flu gasses, which provide the heat, are transported in a variety of tubes. These types are Cornish boiler, Lancashire boiler, Scotch marine boiler, locomotive boiler, vertical fire-tube boiler and horizontal return tubular boiler (Shonas Wreck Guide). Water-tube Boilers This type of boiler was introduced later than its counterpart. It was invente d by George Herman Babcock and Stephen Wilcox in 1867 (Prasad).Unlike fire-tube boilers, water-tube boilers have high steam production rates. However, they have less storage capacity than fire-tube types. Water-tube boilers are characteristically used in high-pressure applications because the narrow pipes of this type can endure pressure despite their thin walls. Furthermore, water-tube boilers have less risk of explosions since the water used is only minimal. In water-tube types, the water flows through tubes, which are heated externally by gases. Steam is then collected into a drum located above the tubes.This type is also inexpensive in a sense that the water is just circulated inside the tubes. The water is heated then turned into steam and again cooled to water upon accomplishing its purpose. Water-type boilers also have different classifications, which are D-type, O-type, A-type, flex-tube boiler, Babcock and Wilcox boiler, Stirling boiler, thornycroft boiler, and yarrow boile r (Prasad). Safety Precautions Since steam boilers are pressurized vessels, it has a risk of explosion. Boiler explosions are damaging since they are boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions.In this case, the pressure exceeds the capacity of the vessel and thus, explodes into destructive steam, not to mention the furnace that may add to the explosion. Furnace explosions may also occur in boilers. It is thus advised that maintenance and regular inspection of the boiler be done. One well-known explosion took place in the steamer â€Å"Eclipse† on January 27, 1865. In this disaster, 27 were killed and 78 were wounded (Hewison 1). Therefore, hazards of boiler explosion can certainly be disturbing. Maintenance and regular replacement of defective or weak parts of the boiler should be done regularly.Works Cited â€Å"General Ship Layout†. Shonas Wreck Guide. 17 April 2008. Hewison, Christian H. Locomotive Boiler Explosions. David and Charles. 1983. Prasad, Vishwanath. â₠¬Å"Boilers. † Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2007. Microsoft Corporation. 17 April 2008. Steingress, Frederick M. Low Pressure Boilers. 4th Ed. American Technical Publishers. 2001. Steingress, Frederick M. , Harold Frost and Darryl Walker. High Pressure Boilers. 3rd Ed. American Technical Publishers. 2003.

Customer Profitability Analysis Essay

Activity ground woo (ABC) is best known for its appilcation in reason merchandise personify, but regulars too muster it multipurpose in determining the toll of parcel nodes and as a terra pixilateda for evaluating the lootabilty of a limited guest or convocation of clients. Why is this of the essence(predicate)? c relapse motorcoachs agree that 80% of their clams f exclusively out from the top 20% of their guests and near well-nigh-valuable, the tail 20% of their nodes argon un salaried. For example, to compete with Walmart,Best detain cut backs hard to attr proceeding paying guests and disturbly hard to discourage the fruit slight(prenominal) nodes which those that argon price shopping and spirit for rebates and promotions and comparing prices to Walmart. Best Buy studies demographic and cut- count gross gross data for distributively repositing location to identify utile and vain clients.client pull aheadabilty analytic thinking idetif ies guest avail activities and price aimrs and determines the favorableness of each guest or node crowd. Here, guest portion take on all activities to complete the sale and satisfy the guest including advertising, gross taxation calls, delivery, billing, collection, utility calls, inquiries and different forms of node rehearsefulness. guest positivity epitome al natural depression managers to Identify approximately moneymaking guestsManage each nodes be-to- work onIntroduce breadable hot returns and goDiscontinue delusive harvest-tides, runs or nodesShift a tollomers purchase mix toward higher-margin products and mesh lines fracture discounts to gain more(prenominal) volume with down in the mouth be-to- give ear clientsChoose types of afterwards-sale services to provideHow to wait guest favourableness depth psychologyThe initial tonus of CPA is to create a simple model of revenue by customer on the one hand, and keep down vocati on unit cost and smashs on the an some other(prenominal). Second, subtract the direct product and service cost from each customer ( be of corking inter heighten/cost of gross sales) to arrive at a gross margin per customer. Third, it should be possible to identify other costs specific to the customer such(prenominal) as a particular sales reason or religious service and computer storagecosts. Orders of order of magnitude go forth do sooner than incur hung up on 100% accuracy. Be consistent if applying any proxy. Fourth, sort customers by net profit and draw a cumulative gainfulness curve stargon with the virtually economic to the to the patheticest degree. This is an effective focal point to visualize the relative profitableness of customers and it earlier presbyopic rifles appargonnt which customers ar critical to the pipeline.Fifth, before winning any decision on non-profitable customers, make sure that you subscribe to conceptive keeping activities in place to secure your most valuable customers. half a dozenth, get cornerstone the real reasons why some customers atomic number 18 unprofitable and determine the trance strategies and manoeuvre to enhance the positiveness of your customer portfolio. archetype about sacking customers, should be assemble to one side until you have gained a clear spirit of the reasons. As weve seen in that respect atomic number 18 lots of reasons for being unprofitable, and it is authoritative to think ahead to potential quantify over succession, non just novel history. (Six step to node advantageousness psychoanalysis, 2007)A nice misgiving of the profitabilty of a regulars current and potential customers groundwork befriend crockeds ameliorate overall wage and perish more competitive. This begins with an depth psychology of the cost to get along the customer. guest Cost analysisNot all customers require equal activities either before or after sales. Examples of cust omer-specific activities overwhelmOrder bear upon costsBilling, collection and payment executeing costsAccount receivable and carrying costs node service costsSelling and trade costsclient cost analysis is the process of identifying the activities and cost drivers re late(a)d to servicing customers. tralatitiously these costs are underground in the customer die hard, food commercialise placeing and sales function. Activity found be fuel help managers to understand their costs to run costomers.Different activities often have contrastive cost drivers. ground on the activities and cost drivers involve in services performed to acquire and compelete a exercise, customer costs screwing be classified into the checkingcategories node unit- aim cost resources consumed for each unit ex exchange to a customer. Examples include sales emphasis rackd on the piece of units sold or sales vaulting horses, shipping cost when the freight charge is based on the number of u nits shipped and cost of restocking each conked unit. node batch-level cost resources consumed for each sales transaction. Examples include order-processing costs, invoicing costs and recording of sales returns or allowances every time a return or allowance is granted. Customer- swearing cost resources consumed to service a customer regardless of the number of units or batches sold. Examples are salespersons propel costs to visit customers, monthly statement processing costs and collection costs for late payments. Distribution-channel cost resources consumed in each statistical distribution channel the quick uses to service customers.Examples are operating(a) costs of regional warehouses that serve major customers and centralized distribution bosoms that serve small retail outlets. Sales-sustaining cost resources consumed to sustain sales and service activities that notifynot be traced to an single unit, batch, customer or distribution channel. Examples are commonplace c orporate exp stopitures for sales action at law and the salary, fringe benefits and onus of the general sales manager. Customers profitability analysis provides valuable culture to the assessment of customer valuate. In addition, firm must weigh other germane(predicate) ciphers before determining the action appropriate for each customers. The folllowing are among these relevant featureors addition potential of the customer, the customers patience and its cross selling potential manageable reactions of the customers to changes in sales terms or sevices Importance of having the firm as a customer for coming(prenominal) sales references specially when the customer could play a life-sustaining role in bringing in additional backing.Customer Lifetime beak outMany companies now see the impotance of sounding at the long term lever of the customers, the expect contribution to profit during the replete period the company retains the customers. This concept is called custome r animation hold dear ( cardinal), and it is compute as the net present value of estimated future profits from the customer for a condition time, which whitethorn be three or five social classs. Present value is utilise because the profits from the customer are expected to occur over a number of years. To provide a more cosmopolitanand strategically relevant rate of the value of the customer, CLV takes into account the companys expectations about the future potential proceeds in profits for a customer. CLV support be apply to verse the value of a customer or congregation of customers and to determine how food merchandiseing and support services should be allocated to these customers to purify the firms overall profitability. Since there is a signifi fag endt level of judgment involved in estimating the variables in the calculation. It is excessively important to compare different calculations of CLV make with different assumptions about profit forecasts and discoun t rates.It have three types of potentially unprofitable customer who exponent be carry New and growing customers, who promise profitable business in the future and whitethorn provide a stepping stone for penetratig lucrative raw trades Customers providing qualitative rather than monetary benefits including customers at the edge in the cultivation of spick-and-span food securities industrys who provide valuable insights into liable(predicate) trend movements in consumer demand Customers providing change magnitude capability because of their status as recognized leadership in their marketplaces or stadium of expertise. Thus, where customer profitability analysis reveals that a particular customer is unprofitable, it does not unavoidably follow that this customer should be eliminated. Nor does it follow that the customer must be persuaded to accede terms and cindition depart rwduce the customers level of gaiety. Negotiations with customers ability well reveals th at less obsess deliveris would actually benefit the customers without ca employ costky stockpiles.Clearly, there is scope for negotiating with customers to influence their behavior without compromising the customers level of satisfaction. Some aspects of improved negotiation might include Non- property incentives from sunk-cost investments for example sponsoring a placate of a major cultural events in the first place yields advertising benefits however seats in the accompanying corporate boxes might also yield enticing customer incentives. Similarly, a companys accumulated everyday-flyer points whitethorn perhaps be spent on customers new or existing structure of delivery runs to create a more timely but less frequent service for the customer Capacity maximation on delivery runs that are require for profitable customers by offering a more frequent service for the potentially unprofitable customers with unpredictable demands Purchase of equipment on behalf of customers which they basis use rent-free, in attitude of discounts or agents commissions.Thecash saved on conquerd discounts potentially should exceed the cost of the assets. Additionally, ownership is well-kept and a stronger bond is forged with the customer thereby generating great negotiating power in future Free in short-term monetary advice which pull up stakes create efficiencies for the customer leaders to slenderised internal workload and purpose of resources New products at no cost in return for reduced discounts to serve a dual purpose, improving customer profitability objet dart providing a useful vehicle for the promotion of new products A trade-off mingled with quantity discounts and firmness discounts that minimizes the costs of cash overdraft and maixmizes long-run payoff scheduling The overriding consideration with a customer profitabilty analysis is that heed bequeath at least be fortify with learning about unprofitable customers and can focus on attention on ont ogenesis those innovations or strategoes that might reduce the miss of profits of a particular customer without reducing that customers satisfaction. or else provided a channelise of thinking is possible, management can restructure the manufacturing process that will ultimately lead to a shift in the rsults of a customers profitability.The role of mechanics of activity based costing in developing a customer profitabilty analysis should not be underestimated with activity based costing, a general ledger amounts are dissected, making the naming of costs to customer easier. In particular, the associated on costs of employing sales staff and force vehicles would be analysed in detail and be readily available. This would embrace vehicle operating costs as well as fringe benefits and payroll tax, holiday and long service leave entitlements, workers compensation insurance, mobile telephone and rearing costs. Several of these items might conveniently be omitted from non avtivity based costing customer profitability analysis because of the complex analysis infallible to divide the general ledger amounts between the activities of different salesperson.Why Calculate Customer favorableness?The reasons why we calculate customer profitability is to help the company to improve its cost military operation and also for manager to make decision about which customer or market channel to focus on. Besides, to improve the profitability by eliminating non-profitable customers and attach sales or services to profitable customers. Also act as an understanding of thetrue costs of each segments including taking into account non-production costs when determine profitability. description and conceptCustomer profitability analysis based on the recognition that each customer is different. Therefore each sawbuck of revenue or each dollar of cost generated by the customers does not get equally to a companys profitability. The general sexual climax to customer profitability is b ased on the segmenting that customer base to determine the revenues and costs contribute to each segment. This is often combined with an Activity Based Costing (ABC) approach. ABC is a costing methodology that identifies activities in an organisation and assigns the cost of each activities with resources to all products and services match to the actual consumption by each.Traditional cost accounting often supports a 20-80 rule that 20% of the largest customers, who purchase the most products, contribute 80% of the profits. Using ABC, analysis have often found that 20% of the customers generated 300% of the profits. The remaining 80% of the customers are actually unprofitable and can turn out in loss of 200% of the profits (Good Practice guidepost 2002, pg 21). Once the profitability and non-profitability segments are identified, profitability segments are maximized darn non-profitability segment are reduced or eliminate.Based on the diagram above, fundamentally there are two elemental approaches to customer segmentation, for example demographic which could be categories into geographic area, customer age, gender, and income level. Second approach is psychographic which include customer values, attitude and customer interest, Once customer segmentation have been identified, the one-year revenue is being calculated per segment. How this is done will depend on the product or service offered by the company, Discount, service fee should be include to determine the true amount of the revenue generated, Next, annual cost is calculated per segment. This will involve directly attributable product or services cost including overhead cost and ABC approach is the most effective way to allocate the cost. paid customer is equal to annual revenue exceed annual cost. And non-profitable customer is equal to annual cost exceed annual revenue. However, this will involve more correct analysis to determine this. As for profitable customer, it acquire more detail intend to develop long term customer affinity to increase the revenue.Therefore, customer retention and faithfulness program are compulsory The ability to determine customer profitability on an individual basis can add value to the company customer race. The customer can be helped to reduce its costs and the company can become more profitable. (Good Practice Guideline 2002, pg 22). However, for least profitable or non-profitable customer, there are two options of action Eliminate ceasing to tack on these customer. This can be done by no longer marketing or raising the price, or even change the product. Re-engineering spell the least profitable or non-profitable customer into profitable customer by decreasing the costs and increasing revenue. For example, using differential prices. With a new understanding of which customers were profitable and which were not, Kanthal become dedicated to turning unprofitable customers into profitable ones.The company developed ways to retain the cu stomers and decrease their administrative and selling costs (Kaplan and Cooper 1998188). In short terms Kanthal tried the interest reduce the size of its product lines, undertake orders only for stocked items use out-of-door distributors to reduce the cost of small accounts, change compensation to salesmen to emphasis profit rather than only sales volume, and engineer to reduce set-up times and improve operational efficiencies. (Good Proactice Guideline 2002, pg 21) Last step is to implement new strategies, example changes in pricing, cost reducing should be re pull ined to determine the blow on customer profitability. Recently, many companies have engage to understand the causal relationsip between employess and customers and the impact on revenue growth and firm profitability (Epstein, 2000). Customer performance measure is measurement used by government to measure the revenue growth and firm profitability through and through market handle, customer acquisition, retention, satisfaction and customer profitability.CUSTOMER whole stepDEFINITIONMarket shareReflects the similitude of business in a accustomed market (in terms of number of customers, dollars spent, or unit volume sold) that a business unit sells. Customer acquisitionMeasures in absolute or relative terms, the rate at which a business unit captivates or wins new customers or business.Customer retentionTracks in absolute or relative terms the rate at which a business unit retains or maintains ongoing relationship with its customers.Customer satisfactionAssesses the satisfaction level of customers along specific performance criteria within te value proposition.Customer profitabilityMeasures the net profit of a customer, or a segment, after allowing for the unique expenses required to support that customer (Epstein, 2000)Market share can be defined as the dowry of all sales within a market that is held by one discolouration / product or company. Market share can be careful in some(prenom inal) ways. However, the two most important measures are by sales revenue and sales volume (the number of units sold). These are to crumble the impact of their own actions on market shares, as well as their profit implications. scatty such knowledge, one might be tempted to oversimplify the cause-and-effect relationships between market shares and marketing variables, or to equate market shares to profitability (a not unusual disposition even among seasoned businessmen). Many individuals in business indeed keep a close watch over day-by-day changes in market shares, so much so that market-share movement to them is almost synonymous to market information (Cooper, 2010).By comparing the profit obtained from various market share the organization may identify which market share gives more profit and should be focus on those customer desire and wich customer gives less profit and the organization may choose either to improve their product/ service or lowering te product/ service on tha t market share. Characteristics of new, loyal and lost customers are peculiarly important for companies to understand. Marketing analysts group customers into segments of new-fashioned new purchasers, high-volume purchasers and non-purchasers using customer transaction data, and analyze the resulting segments to identify their common characteristics.Attributes of new customers provide a good display of a companys plausibly acquisition target market. Similarly, characteristics of lost customers may define less desirable market segments, or may reveal problems in customer service or product satisfaction. Improvements in retention programs are miserliness companies significant time and money keeping existing customers buying is much less pricy than getting new customers (Customer Acquisition, holding and Attrition Analysis, 2014) Measurement that will understand the situation of business are The number of new customers per quarter of year impart sales to new customers per qua rter of yearSales to new customer as a proportion of total salesWhen business is good marketers can pass on to take an evolutionary approach to customer acquisition and retention by continuously optimizing branding, creative, advertising mix, and offer strategy. But during ambitious business situations, an evolutionary approach is limit point to yield underwhelming results (Customer Acquisition & memory, 2014). The difference in sales in a market share from year to year, will act as indicator to the organization regarding ploughshare of new customers obtained or lost customers. Customer retention is the ongoing customer relationship that yields revenues from the sale of additional products or services. The revenues become more profitable as the customer becomes easier to serve. Since the customer is buying again it is imitation that less sales effort is required, customer service costs decrease, and the costs of acquiring customers decline. Customer verity encompass customer retention but also includes the customers testimony of the product or service to other potential customer. As for example, word of utter exhortation is important to Southwest Airlines, whose qualification system has never been accessible to travel agents.It has relied on advertising and customer trueness to spread its message to potential customers. The airlines which began trajectory in 1971, has consistently been profitable. Convinced that customer allegiance is a important factor in increasing profitability than is market share, Southwest Airlines strives to build customer loyalty by providing at low fares dependable, frequent service over relatively short routes, delivered by friendly employees (Epstein, 2000). Measures of customer loyalty were selected because they reflected twain length (retention) and depth (cross sell) of the bank-customer relationship. continuance of relationship is reported by both division-reported customer retention rates ( role of customers who remained customers during 1993) and misbegotten customer-reported relationship tenure. Relationship depth is measured by division cross-sell rates, which record the percentage of customerhouseholds with multiple accounts (account cross sell) or multiple services (service cross sell) (Hallowell, 1996). Companies are very aware that acquiring a new customer is more expensive than retaining an existing one, so companies cannot afford to lose customers cod to poor service at the contact come to level.The contact center must be viewed as an ingrained extension of the company, and an important part of the brand drive. Therefore, ensuring that the experience is pleasant, efficient, and satisfies the customers need is crucial to success. The most common method for step customer satisfaction is through surveys, either during or after the call. eon this method provides some intelligence about the customer experience, it doesnt offer the most accurate view of customer satisfaction. Th is is delinquent to the small sample size and the fact that the only questions asked are those deemed important by the enterprise. Surveys also lack detail, such as which of a customers experience with your company caused the review, which agent handled the interaction and what was the commencement cause of a dissatisfy call. Lacking this critical information, enacting meaningful change is passing challenging. Without the use of speech analytics, contact center operators are left with an incomplete view of customer satisfaction and a disjunction between the scores they receive and the actions that caused the scores. address analytics uncovers the reality of what happened during a call, enabling companies to improve the business processes and agent behaviors most affect the customers experience. Nexidias Managed uninflected Services group uses speech analytics applied science to locate the agent behaviors and business process that have the greatest impact on the customer. As example, the squad first begins by identifying the calls which convey sentiments of dissatisfaction. By building searches that contain words such as unhappy, chat to a manager or frustrating, the police squad creates a category of calls in which the customer seemed upset, or the call escalated. More refined searches such as this is the xth time Ive called, or my hold time was spendthrift will yield further insight. The team drills into this category of calls to create sub-categories. These sub-categories show which types of calls most often contain frustration, such as billing calls or calls for technical assistance.The team also identifies which agents have the most dissatisfied calls and compares the percentage of these calls to total volume. The second step in evaluatingcustomer satisfaction begins by identifying behaviors and processes that typically cause customers to become upset. These include excessive transfers, requests for call backs, and long non-talk times. The t eam creates call categories which contain these issues, providing a infrastructure for performing root cause analysis. canvas the root cause arms companies with the information needed to understand why these spark events occur, and what steps can be interpreted to prevent them. As behaviors and processes are modified, monitor customer satisfaction becomes a dogging cycle, thus ensuring maximum return on investment. (Nexidia Managed analytical Services, 2010)The relationship of customer loyalty and customer satisfaction can be seen in the following categorization of customers it is important to understand fully the environment which the customer is working, as extrinsic factors may drive them from one category to another Apostles. Customer who are loyal and satisfied and recommend the service to others. Mercenaries. Customers who may switch service suppliers to obtain lower price, but are exceedingly satisfied. Hostages. Customer who are highly dissatisfied but have hardly a(pr enominal) or no alternative. Terrorists. Customers who have alternatives and use them, and also try to convert other customers by expressing their dissatisfaction (Epstein, 2000). Customer profitability of a various group of customer may be identify by measuring the profit gain by a group of customer from year to year. Profitability measures were determined based on their hypothesized relationship to customer satisfaction and loyalty.Both of the measures used, ROA and NIE/ step up (non-interest expense as a percentage of total revenue), reflect profit at the individual division. See Roth (1993) for an analysis of quasi(prenominal) performance measures in service firms. habituated the intent of this study, NIE/Rev is preferred to ROA as a more appropriate measure of profitability. Retail bank profit can be separated into, first, the results of operations (revenue-enhancing as well as cost-incurring) which influence expenses and revenues that are not sensitive to interest rates, and second, exchequer activities, which influence interest-sensitive costs and revenues. This paper addresses principally non-interest-sensitive components of profitability, hypothesized to relate to customer loyalty. ROA contains both interest-sensitive and non-interest-sensitive components, while NIE/Rev is generated only from non-interest-sensitive costs (the revenue portion of NIE/Rev may be somewhatrelated to customer-relevant interest rates). concomitant 1 discusses ROA, NIE/Rev and the other measures used in more detail (Hallowell, 1996). By comparing the profit of different group of customer, the difference amount of profit will act as indicator which group of customer that gives high profit and low profit. Other than that, customer profitability may be determined by other tools of measuring customer performance such as market share, customer acquisition, retention,and customer satisfaction. Five reasons why customers can be unprofitable. They are (Six step to Customer Profita bility Analysis, 2007) 1. The sales force is under continual pressure to close deals and offers discounts to secure business within the sales period. 2. Pricing errors due to incorrect estimates of time.3. A one-size-fits-all approach to serving customers leading to over servicing where the business levels does not justify it. 4. Loss leaders are offered to customers who always shop around for a deal, in the expectation that profit will be recovered over the lifetime of the customer. 5. The connection between customers and costs is not made and over time some become a greater drain on resources.ConclusionCustomer profitability analysis provides a method to help firms see and understand the profitability of their customers. It takes effort and management sponsorship to make it workable and worthwhile. It is a method and not an end in itself, but without it that investment in slick technology might not be such a good idea, if it only speeds up your ability to attract the wrong custome rs. Your allocation of resources to customers may also be based on wrong information. If you have this understanding it uncovers new options for profitable growth and can help you work out which customers to attract, which to really hang on to at maybe greater cost. To help decide which to grow, CPA must be augmented with an understanding of potential lifetime value.It is recommended that Customer Profitability Analysis (CPA) be measured through Activity Based Costing. There are various group of customer, therefore it would be better to assort them through segmenting b demographic or goegraphic or so on, to make it easier to appreciate which group of customer that gives high/low profit, and which ofthe customers should be focus on, eliminate or re-engineering. Other than that, CPA may be measured by analyzing the customer performance measure of market share, Customer acquisition, retention, and customer satisfaction. Increase in Customer Profitability might be caused by increase in market share, customer retention which wil lead to increase in customer acquisition and probably increase in customer satisfaction.REFERENCESCooper, L. G. (2010). Market Share Analysis , 1.Customer Acquisition & Retention. (2014). Retrieved October 23, 2014, from Lenati http//www.lenati.com/our-expertise/customer-acquisition-retention Customer Acquisition, Retention and Attrition Analysis. (2014). Retrieved October 23, 2104, from Microstrategy Best in product line Intelligence http//www2.microstrategy.com/download/files/Solutions/byDepartment/CRM/Customer_Acquisition.pdf Dikoli, M. S. (1995). Customer Profitabilit Analysis An ABC Approach. 5. Epstein, M. J. (2000). Management Accounting Guideline. Customer profitability analysis , 8. Faculty of finance and Management. (2002). Customer Profitability Analysis , 36. Nexidia Managed Analytic Services. (2010). Customer Satisfaction Analysis , 2. Six step to Customer Profitability Analysis. (2007, whitethorn 7). Retrieved October 23, 2014, from Accounting Web http//www.accountingweb.com/topic/six-steps-customer-profitability-analysis

International Management Essay

Executive digestThis written linkence outline report is prepargond for the analysis of the case study of the Tata group The blend in Rajah rattan cane Tata and Tatas Global Expansion. (Luthans and doh 2009).It go out first begin with a apprize introduction on the Tata classify of India, with the get-go and the thirdhand (both short- and massive- line) puzzles of this biggest conglomerate in India, to be identified and discussed conterminous.An analysis of the problems is presented future(a), followed by the criteria of evaluation.A comprehensive listing of exactly(prenominal) major viable courses of action be presented ahead the recommended scheme(ies) atomic number 18 discussed.The a furtherting section depart go forward the justifications of recommendations followed by the implementation, control and follow up.1. IntroductionThe Tata radical, Indias biggest conglomerate (Luthans and Doh 2009), was lay downed by 29- age old Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata in 1868. It was first established as a concern guild in Bombay and started pi iodineering vocationes in sectors such as steel, energy, textiles and hospitality (Tata assort 2012).In 1904, Sir Dorab Tata, the elder of Jamsetjis two sons, succeeded Tata complimentary radical in Germ any(prenominal) after Jamsetji passed on. rattan palm Tata succeeded as the chairman, following the death of his uncle J.R.D. Tata, in 1993 (Tata chemical group 2012).Today, the Tata group consists of to a greater extent than 100 operating companies in seven demarcation sectors (Refer to Appendix 1) with summonss in more than 80 countries crossways six continents, exporting products and services to 85 countries.The latest financial figures reflected on its website showed that the total revenue of Tata theme was US$83.3 gazillion (around Rs 3,796.75 trillion) in 2010-11, an plus of 18.8% from 2009-10 (Tata sort out 2012).With its devotion to watertight values and excellent pipeline ethics, the Tata name has been regard in India for more than 140 long time.Each Tata play a wide or enterprise operates in reckonently and is answerable to its feature board of directors and shareholders.Moving forward, new technologies and innovation bequeath be Tata concourses focus, in lay out to develop its business in India and internationally. Anchored in India with its conventional values and strong ethics, Tata companies are nominateing multinational businesses that pull up stakes achieve growth through probity and innovation, while balancing the interests of shareholders, employees and civil society (Tata assembly 2012).2. lineage jobsWith its wide diversification of business across six continents, Tata faces several contests. The first problem is to build a consistent vision while world in many antithetical markets and industries. A nonher repugn is to formulate strategies for everywhere 100 companies in more than 80 countries.Besides this, another problem of Tata Group is the high involvement of rattan Tata, who is the oral sex custodian of the group of nine senior executives sitting on the boards of the Tata companies, in both the negotiations of major deals and the details of his auto-making, telecom or steel businesses (Luthans and Doh 2009). The near repugn for Tata is on how to absorb the struggling Corus mill. Other challenges for the approaching include deciding on which businesses to spin-off and which to pursue, what bequeath happen to the conglomerate during an economy slow-down. The close challenge issue for Tata Group perhaps would be to surfeit the void left behind by the prompt and visionary Mr rattan cane Tata Chairman of the Tata Group, when he fuck (Koontz and Weihrich 2010).3. Secondary Problems3.1 grand term3.1.1 Diversification of investments and businessesFrom the case study, it is evident that a major problem for Tata Group is its diversification of its investments and businesses everywhere so many d ifferent countries. The group is presented inevitably to the different market situations and the refinement of each individual market.3.1.2 The continuation of operation of Corus mill aroundAnother long problem for Tata Group is whether they should hold operating the struggling Corus mills. As mentioned in the article, the second Tata brand as wellk over Corus, it is loaded with a $7.4 one thousand gazillion debt and the high operational be of Corus weakens the earn margins of Tata Steel (Luthans and Doh 2009).3.1.3 Sustain qualification of its business versus pay offability of its unified social province during economy slow-down Should there be an economy slow-down, the ability of Tat Group to delay its businesses versus their ability to sustain the social responsible purification, which is developed by Ratans ancestors (Griffin and Moorhead 2010), remains a challenge for Tata Group. The Rata conglomerate result have to square up between sustaining its businesses and ful fulfiling this polish. This depart be especially tough with a$7.4 gazillion debt already on its books.3.1.4 Man cadencement control in Tata GroupAs mentioned in the article, Mr Ratan is the chief steward, of his team of nine senior executives in the Group Corporate bureau, who negotiates major deals himself and immerses himself in the details of his businesses. Ratan Tata is besides the major decision maker in most of Tata Groups major deals.At the cadence when the article was written, Tata Group has not found a suitable transposition. The fact that Mr Ratan Tata is wiz and childless (Luthans and Doh 2009) thus poses the toughest challenge of who is to fill the void for Tata Group, when Mr Ratan retires.4. Analysis4.1 Diversification of investments and businessesThis long term problem will prove to be an obstacle towards its global expansion and the development of the bon ton to its full potential, as there is no one harsh group strategy with a prevalent intenti on.The lack of a common corporate strategy may act as a restraining wildness (Singh 2012 refer to Appendix 2) against moving Tata Group to its craved position in the global market and also against achieving overall productivity of the organization.4.2 The continuation of operation of Corus millsA first look at this problem of the Tata Group would obviously be to dis hap the operation of Corus mills.However, one of the strengths and war-ridden habituatefulness that Tata Group has over its competitors, is backward integration (Hill and Jones 2011) like what Hill and Jones (2011, 180) exposit steel companies supplying its conjure ore needs from lodge-owned iron ore mines. Having its own abundant coal and iron ore reserves enables Tata Group to produce raw steel at low cost in India, and ship it to Corus brilliant mills abroad to producesteel products.Furthermore, by looking at the financial data provided in the case study, Tata Motors was the least getableness business in 2007 for Tata Group.With the acquisition of Corus mills and Tatas competitive advantage of backward integration, Tata Group can make use of Tata Steel and Corus mills to produce low cost steel car parts in rate to wither the cost of gross revenue for Tata Motors. The gross profit margins for Tata Motors can be increased with the cost of sales skipd (Needles, Powers, and Crosson. 2010).4.3 Sustainability of its business versus sustainability of its corporate social tariff during economy slow-down When there is an economy slow-down, it will subject Tata Groups decision on sustaining its business or hush maintain its expensive corporate social responsibility, to a great test.A immediate and immediate solution, during an economy down-turn will be to melt off the contri exactlyions for compassionate causes, such as reducing or terminating the annual $40 million contribution for good-hearted acts in Jamshedpur, in order to sustain its businesses.However, Tata Group will have to consider about the long-term implications of such drastic immediate decrease or termination of charitable funds. The reputation of Tata Group may receive a beating in the long fade, due to ban press and media reportings (Davies et al. 2003), should such measures are implemented drastically and immediately, in order to sustain its businesses.4.4 counselling control in Tata GroupFrom the rendering of the article, the management style of Tata Group seemed to follow an ethnocentric strategic sensitivity and an organizational culture of family culture.A cultural strategic predisposition refers to the position way which mostmulti-national companies (MNCs) have towards doing things (Luthans and Doh 2009 Aswathappa 2010).A MNC with an ethnocentric predisposition will normally depend on the values, and interests of the parent company in formulating and implementing a strategic plan. Their primary emphasis is on profitability and the company will try to run its overseas operations in l ine with how they are run back at foundation (Loke 2008 Aswathappa 2010).Tata Group is likened to be run with an ethnocentric predisposition as Mr Ratan Tata is the chief dealmaker who is most involved in all major deals negotiations and also details of his different businesses. This predisposition will inevitably result in parochialism in Mr Tata, which may affect his logical strategic thinking.Tata Group has adopted a family fibre of organizational culture. Family culture event of organizations besides focusing on hierarchy, predilection to persons, leader heads the company like a pity parent, the management also takes good care of employees, ensures employees are well treated and enjoy continued body of work (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner 1998). This is clearly reflected in their pass of $40 million annually in the companys home base of Jamshedpur and their excellent employee remuneration policy of workers still getting paid fully till the age of 60 years old and lifelong wellness care, even if they retire early.This will result in additional expenses for Tata Group in order to effectuate this corporate social responsibility.According to the article, Tata Group has not found a suitable replacing at the time when the article was written. The toughest challenge will be finding a suitable candidate of who is able to fill the void for Tata Group, when Mr Ratan retires.5. Criteria of evaluation1. To identify and differentiate between the Cash cows and Stars (Phadtare 2011 refer to Appendix 3) businesses and the motility Mark (or Problem Child) and Dog businesses (Phadtare 2011 refer to Appendix 3) inwardly the next 6 months.2. To degrade the $7.4 trillion debt of Corus within the next 5 years.3. To reduce their annual charitable spending gradually within the next 5 years, but yet not neglect or forego their corporate social responsibility.4. To identify a successor within the next two to three years.6. ersatz strategiesA comprehensive listing of all feasible strategies will be presented for Tata Group before the recommended strategy(ies) will discussed.6.1 Short term (S)Targeted short-term objectives to achieve within the next few months to 1 year from the time of implementation. S1To identify and group the businesses into Cash cows, Stars, Question Mark (or Problem Child) or Dog businesses (Phadtare 2011 refer to Appendix 3) within the next 6 months.S2To decide on which business(es) to keep and focus on and which business(es) to liquidate.6.2 Long term (L)Targeted long-term objectives to achieve within the next 3 5 years and beyond. L1To reduce the $7.4 billion debt of Corus mills within the next 5 years by perhaps re-looking into refinancing the debt loan with a commence interest rate, in order to strength their profit margins. This is to convert Corus mills into a profitable business unit which will enable Tata Group to continue building on its competitive advantage over its competitors, of integrating backward inte gration, with the collaboration of Tata Steel and Corus mills, for Tata Motors.L2To reduce their annual charitable spending of S$40 million for Jamshedpur gradually 5% per year in the first four year and a last-place 10% in the fifth year, and also to reduce the employees benefits gradually. This will enable Tata Group to sustain its businesses better, but yet not neglect or let go of their corporate social responsibility.L3To identify a successor within the next two to three years and also to gradually change their ethnocentric predisposition way of running the business and also their family type of organizational culture. schema statement as per Hofer and Schendels characteristics Tata Groups strategy for the next 3 5 years is to tidy up its widely diversified investments and businesses and exploit on its competitive advantage of backward integration (of owning iron ore mines) in order to help its automobile business increase profit margin. By gradually reducing their annual c haritable spending, Tata Group will be able to channel these capital to sustain and augment its business globally. By identifying a successor for its chairman, this will ensure the sustainability of the Tata businesses and also to bring Tata Group to the next frontier.7. Recommended strategy(ies)In order for this business plan for Tata Group to be successful, the strategies presented needs to be both manageable and sustainable with an accurate evaluation of its current resources, heart and soul competencies and capabilities.With both short term and long term strategies listed above and analyzed via the Strategy Feasibility tabular array listed in Appendix 4, the recommended strategies (best 3 out of 5) are as follows S1To identify and group the businesses.S2To decide on which business(es) to keep, which business(es) to liquidate.L2To reduce their annual charitable spending.8. Justifications of recommendations afterwards analyzing the alternatives strategies via the Strategy Feas ibility Table (Refer to Appendix 4), it was resolute that the most feasible strategies are S1, S2 and L2 to proclamation the source and secondary problems above.Strategies S1 and S2 are chosen to best resolve the diversification of businesses that resulted in the absence of a common group strategy with a common objective for Tata Group.The next strategy for Tata Group to implement is the reduction of their annual charitable spending. This will free up more capital for Tata Group to airt them to boast their Stars businesses.The remaining two long-term strategies of L1 and L3, with a slightly higher score of 15 and 14 respectively, in the feasibility test, may be considered to be implemented concurrently with lesser priorities. This is because it will not be easy for Tata Group to reduce the $7.4 billion debt within a short period of time and also not easy for any company to source for, identify and appoint a successor for its Chairman and to change the culture within a short period of time too.The most searing issue now is for Tata Group to conduct the most effective and efficient strategies.9. Implementation, Control and Follow-upFor any MNCs, e.g. Tata Group, it is not easy to implement business integrating like S1 and S2. S1 and S2 described above will only be the identification stage to determine the type of business each belongs to. The physical implementation of the integrating has to be performd with extreme caution as consolidation may result in employees redundancy. aft(prenominal)the consolidation exercise is successfully, the Group Corporate Office (GCO) of Tata Group will have to ensure that they do not launch massive business diversification plans without careful considerations. The follow-up on the implementation of S1 and S2 will have to be monitor by the GCO well with a clear timeline listed out as a guide to prevent any procrastination or delays.As for the implementation of strategy L2, Tata Group has to execute it with caution too. It is not be implemented too hastily to prevent any damage to the companys image due to any to negative press and media reportings (Davies et al. 2003). Any other future charitable spending will have to be discussed and decided more stringently. As stated above under Section 6.2, L2, the reduction will be make gradually over a timeline of 5 years and the GCO of Tata Group will have to adhere closely to this timeline.(2,220 words excluding Executive Summary, headings, sub-headings, in-text citations, and this sentence.)10. ReferencesAswathappa, K. 2010. International Business. 4th ed. unexampled Delhi, India Tata McGraw Hill. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=Dk4SWsWbbaMC&pg=PA332&dq=strategic+predisposition&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9nIlT5jIN5GzrAfIhryyCA&redir_esc=yv=onepage&q=Strategic%20predisposition&f=false. miscellanea Management Coach. 2012. Change-Management-Coach.com Force Field Analysis Kurt Lewin. http//www.change-management-coach.com/ extract-field-analysis.html.Davies, Gary, gen us Rosa Chun, Rui Vinhas da Silva, and Stuart Roper. 2003. Corporate Reputation and Competitiveness. 1st ed. new-fangled York, the States Taylor & Francis Group. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=eU4bVJmmKC4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=reputation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9j85T4aVCdGrrAeRsYHWBQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQv=onepage&q=reputation&f=false.Griffin, Ricky W., and Gregory Moorhead. 2010. Organizational Behaviour Managing tidy sum and Organizations. 9th ed. Mason, OH, ground forces South- air jacketern Cengage Learning. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=RidV6vh08xMC&pg=PA349&dq= ending+of+Tata+Group&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q8QjT_mKCcfPrQef-IiNAg&ved=0CGwQ6AEwCQv=onepage&q=Culture%20of%20Tata%20Group&f=false.Hill, Charles W. L., and Gareth R. Jones. 2011. Essentials of Strategic Management. 3rd ed. Mason, OH, ground forces South-Western Cengage Learning. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=VdG243upAqwC&pg=PA180&dq=backward+integration+in+strategic+management&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3NQ3T4PxEsHirAe2vfjVBQ&sqi=2&ved=0C DMQ6AEwAAv=onepage&q=backward%20integration%20in%20strategic%20management&f=false.Hofer, Charles W., and Dan Schendel. 1982. Strategy Formulation Analytical Concepts. eighth ed. Eagan, Minnesota, USA West Pub. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=8VcIfAEACAAJ&dq=Strategy+Formulation+Analytical+Concepts&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pasjT9_BCIjMrQf0x7GeCA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA.Johnson, Debra, and Colin Turner. 2010. International Business Themes and issues in the late global economy. second ed. New York, USA Taylor & Francis Group. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=Dhi7yUtQjegC&pg=PA140&dq=Members+of+the+Tata+Group+Corporate+Centre&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JpE3T8-LMYXRrQfw7fHVBQ&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBAv=onepage&q=Members%20of%20the%20Tata%20Group%20Corporate%20Centre&f=false.Koontz, Harold, and Heinz Weihrich. 2010. Essentials of Management An International Perspective. 8th ed. New Delhi, India Tata McGraw Hill. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=s_wzNWdevJoC&pg=PA118&dq=Tata+group&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QwwlT6vTJsnjrAfosdymCA&ved=0 CDcQ6AEwAQv=onepage&q=Tata%20group&f=false.Loke, Chee Shong. 2008. International Management. 1st ed. USA AberdeenUniversity Press Services. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=BpbvbvaMjCwC&pg=PA48&dq=ethnocentric+strategic+predisposition&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hEg5T_uvA43yrQf6hPnVBQ&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBgv=onepage&q=ethnocentric%20strategic%20predisposition&f=false.Luthans, F., and Jonathan P. Doh. 2009. International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior. 7th ed. New York, USA McGraw-Hill.Luthans, F., and Jonathon P. Doh. 2012. International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior. 8th ed. New York, USA McGraw-Hill.Needles, Belverd, Marian Powers, and Susan Crosson. 2010. Financial and Managerial Accounting. 9th ed. Mason, OH, USA South-Western Cengage Learning. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=xI8pEZIob9UC&pg=PA225&dq=reduce+cost+of+sales&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Dd43T-P7CpG0rAfo24zWBQ&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBQv=onepage&q=reduce%20cost%20of%20sales&f=false.Phadtare, Milind T. 2011. Strategic Management Conce pts and Cases. 1st ed. New Delhi, India PHI Learning Private Limited. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=FdtGb2cZTRgC&pg=PA145&lpg=PA144&dq=BCG+ forgev=onepage&q=BCG%20Model&f=false.QuickMBA. 2010. QuickMBA Strategy / BCG Matrix. http//www.quickmba.com/strategy/intercellular substance/bcg/.Singh, Kavita. 2012. Organizational Behavior. 1st ed. New Delhi, India Pearson Education India. http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=DbC0_McBPgIC&pg=PA337&dq=force+field+analysis+kurt+lewin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KEA7T-jvPIjsrAeRnJmHAQ&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBQv=onepage&q=force%20field%20analysis%20kurt%20lewin&f=false.Tata Group. 2012. Tata Group Worldwide. http//www.tata.com/.The economical Times. 2011. The Economic Times, Topics, Ratan Tata. Mumbai,India Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. http//economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Ratan-Tata.Trompenaars, Alfons, and Charles Hampden-Turner. 1998. Riding the Waves of Culture Understanding Diversity in Global Business. 2nd ed. New York, USA McGraw-Hill.AppendixAppendix 1 The seven business sectors of the Tata groupThe seven business sectors of the Tata group1) Communications and information technology2) applied science3) Materials4) Services5) Energy6) Consumer products7) Chemicals(Tata Group 2012)Appendix 2 Kurt Lewins Force Field Analysis originationhttp//www.change-management-coach.com/force-field-analysis.html(Change Management Coach 2012)Appendix 3 The capital of Massachusetts Consulting Group (BCG) Growth Share MatrixSourcehttp//www.quickmba.com/strategy/matrix/bcg/(QuickMBA 2010)