Discussing the character of Charles Darke Essay

Charles Darke is a character critical in the novel since he encapsulates such a significant number of the books subjects and is vital to Stephen’s recuperation after his loss of Kate and future excursion. Occasions including Charles Darke are critical to the plot as well as show the peruser a ton about the development of time and the disarray and issues encompassing youth. The perusers prologue to Darke shows him as an effective man in his distributing firm who has figured out how to obtain regard and force (â€Å"New York and Frankfurt were on the line†) anyway as the acquaintance proceeds with the peruser starts with see that under the surface he has an increasingly adolescent side to him as he savors accepting consideration: â€Å"making far reaching comments to a youthful author was one of the more alluring perquisites to his profession†. Indeed, even before his breakdown his energetic nature is apparent for instance picking his political vocation is portrayed as a â€Å"parlour game†. Darke is one of the characters that McEwan uses to introduce the significant topic of adolescence and adulthood, there is a consistent clash present inside Darke of being a youngster and of being a grown-up. His fruitful political profession shows that he should have discussing ability and incredible mind anyway simultaneously his adolescent character likewise gets through. Having gone about as a parental figure after the loss of Kate unfortunately he should relapse so quickly away from the real world. It isn't just Darke’s differentiating character which cautions the peruser of what may happen later, he is clearly disrupted as appeared by his fast vocation moves and house move from Eaton Square to the open country. Thelma additionally depicts to Stephen how he lost his mom and had a cool childhood with his dad recommending that Darke didn't encounter adolescence by any means. Charles Darke likewise hopped straight into being an effective and hitched specialist in this way passing up significant exercises that numerous grown-ups learn through their errors. Not long before the peruser is acquainted with Darke there is even an unpretentious reverberation of what will happen later as Stephen depicts an image: â€Å"a dreary confronted crow with a stethoscope round its neck taking the beat of a pale little youngster who seemed to have dropped out of a tree†. Darke shows the peruser a disturbing response to time in light of the fact that as opposed to moving advances he moves in reverse, the peruser sees individual and in some cases frightful minutes including Darke, these assistance McEwan to show the peruser what a valuable state adolescence is and how time can't be controlled. Darke likewise exemplifies the topic of governmental issues. In addition to the fact that he moves the political plot forward by getting Stephen onto the panel yet he is additionally the explanation that Stephen meets the Prime Minister. The epic was composed during the Thatcherite time of the 80’s and this is unmistakably reflected in the tone of the book and McEwan’s resistance to this traditional guideline. Stephen Lewis is pessimistic about the Conservative perspectives that Darke has chosen to take on and the short, sudden linguistic structure that McEwan utilizes underlines his doubts of the administration in power. It is a coldblooded incongruity that, similar to the Beggar Girl, Charles’ possible demise is an aftereffect of his political profession and the unforgiving society encompassing him. Various feelings can be taken on what Darke’s explicit job is inside the novel. He unmistakably is significant for McEwan to cut in the political part of the novel and McEwan’s own political perspectives anyway his relapse once again into youth conveys a considerably more convoluted message. The title of the book â€Å"The Child in Time† from the outset may appear to portray just Stephen’s loss of Kate anyway one can go a lot further and find that maybe what McEwan is attempting to show the peruser is Stephen and Darke’s scan for their own youngster in time. While Stephen scans continually for the physical Kate he likewise searches for her in time through recollections and dreams of her growing up. Darke’s look for the kid in time is unique, he has had no youth of his own so he scans for it and in the long run discovers it by relapsing into childhood. On a superficial level McEwan presents this as a characteristic advance however it is entirely upsetting and this is appeared by the grin all over at death. The contentions inside Darke show the peruser the clashing idea of youth, while Darke is upbeat and lighthearted he likewise trusts himself invulnerable and this in the long run causes his demise. Charles Darke is likewise significant for the reader’s comprehension of Stephen Lewis. It is a direct result of Darke that Stephen meets Thelma who is significant as she takes care of both of the characters and gives the peruser another approach to take a gander at time. The explanation that Thelma picks Stephen as the one individual who she permits to see Charles after his breakdown is on the grounds that she realizes that he won't pass judgment or censure and it is significant for the peruser to know this component of his character. Stephen has encountered misfortune and contemplated adolescence and is accordingly understanding about Darke’s relapse. The peruser additionally finds out about Stephen through the difference of the characters. Darke turns out to be a piece of the traditional government while Stephen is disheartened by the two â€Å"tribes† in the Supermarket. Stephen sees Charles Darke’s demise direct and this may assist him with arriving at a comprehension about his loss of Kate in light of the fact that he needs to encounter the truth that she excessively perhaps dead. The way that Darke kicks the bucket with a grin all over may remind Stephen that in the event that Kate is dead, at that point she has in any event passed on in a glad piece of her life and has not yet lost her honesty. Darke’s relationship with Thelma can likewise be stood out from Stephen’s relationship with Julie. As the novel advances Thelma turns out to be increasingly more of a mother figure to Darke and her more established age infers that it has never been a marriage of enthusiasm and profound love yet one of a shared getting, acknowledgment and care. As opposed to Darke’s apparently sexless marriage Julie and Stephen have a significantly more genuine and characteristic relationship where there high focuses and depressed spots are kept hidden and by the end their certified love for each other is clear. Darke offers McEwan the way to show the peruser his subjects of time, adolescence and legislative issues yet he likewise has further noteworthiness. Darke shows the peruser how adolescence, or its absence, impacts ones entire life and how arriving at adulthood is a persistent procedure that may never end. The quest for â€Å"The Child in Time† by Darke is an enthusiastic and allegorical excursion that inevitably frees him from the anxieties and weights of his feverish work life regardless of whether it does at last reason his demise.

360 Degree Performance Morgan Stanley Case Study

360 Degree Performance Morgan Stanley - Case Study Example The issues at Stanley Morgan are related with the ill-advised appraisal of the faculty of the organization. The new framework that will be actualized should resolve a great deal of the wastefulness of the old framework. I don't believe that the issues the organization faces are a manifestation of a bigger issue. A quick issue that should be address is to guarantee that the new assessment framework doesn't advance independence over collaboration. â€Å"Teams are gatherings of individuals who work effectively together to accomplish a reason for which they are all accountable† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003, pg. 192). The new assessment framework doesn't have the capacity to separate between group aptitudes and individual capacities of the laborers. Group aptitudes are a significant capacity for a worker to have because of the move route from independence in the corporate world. The new key bearing of Morgan Stanley is outfitted towards having the option to completely get to the presentation of the representatives so as to boost the abilities of the laborers of the firm. The new framework will legitimately affect more than 2,000 representatives at Morgan Stanley. Vital arranging is basic to the accomplishment of a business since it depicts where your organization needs to go (Pirraglia, 2012). The resolve of the representatives is a significant factor to screen at Morgan Stanley. Three different ways to improve representative spirit are to keep representatives feeling like work is something other than an occupation with an end goal to keep energy high, imaginatively commend achievements, and permitting representatives the opportunity to seek after tasks they are enthusiastic about (Erb, 2012). Keeping the confidence of the laborers at the organization high is significant on the grounds that unmotivated specialists with low resolve normally are less beneficial representatives. The activity execution of the workers of a firm is the duty of the administrative staff

Los Alamos

Los Alamos Los Alamos lôs al ´?mos?, los [key], uninc. town (1990 pop. 11,455), seat of Los Alamos co., N central N.Mex. It is on a long mesa extending from the Jemez Mts. The U.S. government chose the site in 1942 for atomic research, and the first atomic bombs were produced there. In 1947 the Atomic Energy Commission took over the town. In 1962 government control ended and Los Alamos became a self-governing community; the county was incorporated in 1969. The Los Alamos National Laboratory, operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, is a national historic landmark. Research there has broadened to include work on environmental (oceanographic models, clean air and water), energy, computer, laser, chaos theory, and biomedical (gene mapping) issues. Los Alamos is home also to the Bradbury Science Museum and a historical museum. Valles Caldera National Preserve, Santa Fe National Forest, Bandelier National Monument, and Santa Clara pueblo are nearby. Since the mid-20th cent. the town and laboratory have several times been threatened by wildfires originating in nearby forests, with the most significant destruction occurring in 2000. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

what is profit where do profits come from Essay

ECOP1001 Economics as a Social Science Essay The essay should compare Two different schools of economic thoughts Question 4. What is profit? Where do profits come from? Economic theories simplify the relations among key economic concepts and enable us to understand different economic concepts. Throughout history, different economists in different time periods have formed diverse thoughts on how markets work by building and improving on the work of those who came before them. Therefore in order to gain a wider understanding of a particular economic term, it is helpful for us to investigate more than one economic theory. This essay will explore classical and Marxist and compare their portrayal of the concept of profit and where is it†¦show more content†¦Lastly, exchange value is also related to the product’s natural price (Stilwell, 2012). These three factors together determine the price of what workers produce and the total revenue that capitalists receive. Karl Marx is known as one of â€Å"the most controversial figure in the history of political economy (Stilwell, 2012, p.99).† The concept of profit in a Marxist economy is expressed as the surplus value of the amount paid to workers compared to what the commodity they produce is actually worth. Marx used a graph to explain this concept further: he divided the working day into two parts (A to B and B to C) (Stilwell, 2012). A to B is the part where workers work in order to cover the wage paid by the capitalists (Stilwell, 2012). From B to C, that part of the production is the surplus value exploited by the capitalists and therefore, the higher the B to C, the higher the profit would be (Stilwell, 2012). There are several ways to achieve this. First of all, employers can extend the part of the working day that lies between B and C on the aforementioned graph. This could involve reducing total pay (effectively shortening the time between A and B), or simply increasing the number of hours worked per day. These methods inherently have physical and mental (and arguably moral) limitations, which Marx addresses in his exploitation theory. An alternative method for increasing profits is to restructure the work, for example throughShow MoreRelatedEssay MKT 220 Module 4 Homework Assignment1496 Words   |  6 PagesASSIGNMENT taught by PROFESSOR K December 1st, PART I: Read Pay What It’s Worth. Would this concept work in an upscale restaurant? Why or why not? I must admit that upon reading the article, â€Å"The Customer Experience: Pay What It’s Worth,† my jaw dropped to the floor. I read it again and still had a hard time processing it. 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It is extremely useful in determining past performance and to try and predict future results. It enables a business to see what changes could make to improve on its profit. It also give enough information to help a business to set targets. We can learn more from the statement

Guideline And Study Questions For The T - 4059 Words

Guideline and Study Questions for the Third Examination December 3rd History 1378 Fall Semester 2014 Professor T. Tillery The final examination will consist of two parts, multiple-choice and essay questions. There will be 65 multiple choice questions worth one point each. The essay section will require students to write on ONE of the following questions, there will be NO choice. The essay will be worth 35 points. Essay questions for the Third Examination: 1. Discuss the history between America and Japan that led to the attack on Pearl Harbor in l941. 2. The Civil Rights Movement (l945-1965) included a legal attack â€Å"and† a grassroots attack on racism and segregation. Discuss why both approaches were needed and give example of both†¦show more content†¦D. Agricultural Adjustment Administration. 15. One of the most important achievements of the New Deal in the area of banking was included in a l933 act. This key reform A. Was the uniting of investment and commercial banking so that bankers could more readily transfer depositors money. B. Was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, so that the government would guarantee bank deposits. C. Allowed weak banks to default on corporate loans, so that they could meet their obligation to individual depositors. D. Was the creation of the Federal Reserve System to regulate the banking industry. 16. Which of the following did the Supreme Court declare wholly or partly unconstitutional? A. Tennessee Valley Authority and Civilian Conservation Corps. B. National Recovery Act and Agricultural Adjustment Act. C. Civilian Works Administration and Works Progress Administration. D. National Labor Relations Act and Social Security. 17. Which one of the following men did NOT challenge New Deal policies? A. Charles Coughlin. B. Harry Hopkins. C. Dr. Francis Townsend. D. Huey Long. 18. Roosevelt’s administration, under the prodding of Eleanor Roosevelt and Harold Ickes, A. 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Madonna Case Study Free Essays

string(142) " genre Madonna always changed her music genre in her new album and her music genre never been the same genre from one album with other album\." Question 1 Described and explain the strategy being followed by Madonna in term of the explanation of competitive strategy given in Chapter 6. Answer 1 Table 2: Bowman’s strategy clock Based on the Bowman’s strategy clock above, we identify strategies been used in her albums through the years below; Lucky Star 1982 Trashy pop – lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the Christian cross, and bleached hair. Young wannabe girls, dovetailing from fading disco to emerging ‘club scene’influential among young girls and women 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Madonna Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘No frills’ – combines a low price, low perceived product/service benefits and a focus on a price- sensitive market price Like a Virgin- Like a Prayer(first number one album on the U. S. lbums chart) 1984 Originally a Marilyn glamour image, then became a saint and sinner She performed the song at the first MTV Video Music Awards – trademark â€Å"Boy Toy† belt and crucifix jewelry More grown-up rebellious fan base, more critical female audience and male worshippers – featured role in â€Å"Desperately Seeking Susan† – embarked on her first concert tour in the U. S. in 1985 titled The Virgin Tour, with the Beastie Boys. 2. Low price – risk of price war and low margins; need to be cost leader Vogue Erotica Bedtime Stories (eighth U. S. umber-one single -Academy Award-winning song) 199019921994 Erotic porn star, sadomasochistic, sexual control, more minelli in Cabaret than Monroe signed an endorsement deal with soft drink ma nufacturer Pepsi debuted her new song, â€Å"Like a Prayer†, in a Pepsi commercial and also made a music video for it. Peculiar mix of target audiences: gay club scene, 1990s’ women taking control of their own lives, also pure male titillation -Madonna’s first publication Sex, a book consisting of sexually provocative and explicit images – caused media controversy but sold 500,000 copies in the U. S. 3. Hybrid – seeks simultaneously to achieve differentiation and a price lower than that of competitors Something to Remember Evita (won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for Best Original Song From a Motion Picture also won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy) 1995 Softer image, ballads preparing for glamour image of Evita film role Broadest audience target, picking up potential film audiences as well as regular fan base – designed to appeal to the mature audience that would be the target of Evita. Most conventional image. Max Factor later used this mixture of Marilyn and Eva Peron to market its glamour image 4. Differentiation – seek to provide products or services that offer benefits that are different from those of competitors and that are widely valued by buyers. Ray of Light – (U. S. top 5 singles – won three Grammy Awards – won a Grammy for â€Å"Best Short Form Music Video. â€Å") 1998 Earth mother, Eastern mysticism, dances music fusion – album influenced by electronica, techno, and trip-hop, thereby updating her classic dance-pop sound for the late ’90s. â€Å"Most adventurous record. â€Å") Clubbing generation of the 1990s, new cohort of fans plus original fan base of now 30somethings desperately staying trendy – used by Microsoft in its advertising campaign to introduce Windows XP. 5. Focus differentiation – strategy seeks to provide high perceived product/service benefits justifying a substantial price, usually to a selected mark et segment (niche) Music 2000 Acid rock, tongue in cheek Miss USA/cow girl, cool Britannia – having a video which depicts murders by car, was banned by MTV and VH1. Managing to hit the changing club scene and 30-something Brits – starred in the film Swept Away a commercial and critical failure and released straight-to-video in the UK. 6. Increased price/standard value – higher margins if competitors do not follow; risk of losing market share American Life 2003 Militaristic image Che Guevara Anti-consumerism of American dream – Madonna kissed the heirs to her throne, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera — and then got the two of them to make out with each other. Unclear audience reliant on existing base – sold 4 million copies, the lowest selling album of her career. The release of Madonna’s successful children’s book, -The English Roses, which was followed by several more novels in future years. 7. Increase price/low price – only feasible in monopoly situation Confession on a Dance Floor 2005 Retro-1980’s disco imagery, high-motion dance-pop sound Strong gay-icon audience, pop-disco audience, dance-based audience – radio stations were boycotting Madonna’s singles because she publicly spoke of disapproval against the war n Iraq. 8. Low value/standard price – loss of market share Hard Candy (Most successful release from the album, reaching #1 in twenty-seven countries worldwide including the United World Chart and becoming one of Madonna’s biggest-selling singles. ) 2008 ‘M by Madonna’ clothes collection, which was designed by Madonna for HM consist of classic designs and accessories which reflect Madonna’s timeless, unique and always glamorous style. Madonna sliced away at genre straightjackets like a surgeon, opening the doors for the future hip-hop explosion. U. S. Canada, North South America and European concert tour â€Å"Sticky and Sweet† in promoting her new album – Madonna’s adding a new twist to a whole new distribution model the mobile handset Samsung and Sony Ericson. Focus differentiation – strategy seeks to provide high perceived product/service benefits justifying a substantial price, usually to a selected market segment (niche) Madonna’s new album Hard Candy 2008 has rebuild her strategy from ultimate failure to focused differentiation as her new album has an urban vibe, while remaining a dancepop record at heart. Stuart Price, the producer of Confessions on a Dance Floor, described the new album as moving in an urban direction. It had initially been defined as having â€Å"a lot of producers from a lot of genres in there. † The Sun proclaiming that â€Å"it could be her most ambitious project yet†, while The New York Times reviewed the album as â€Å"a set of catchy, easily digestible, mass-appeal songs†. (Wikipedia 2008) Question 2 Why has she experienced sustained success over the past two decades? Answer 2 For stay maintaining in entertainment industry Madonna has use a ways of attempting to sustain advantage through differentiation ; Create difficulties of imitation – Factors that can make strategies difficult to imitate. ? Music genre Madonna always changed her music genre in her new album and her music genre never been the same genre from one album with other album. You read "Madonna Case Study" in category "Free Case study samples" For example in her early career the music genre her bring is Trashy pop and for current album the genre was urban vibe. Targeted audiences Madonna always set her target audience with her new album release in market and her target audience is different for each album. For example in album Ray of Light her target audience was Clubbing generation of the 1990s and for album Confession on a Dance Floor the target was Strong gay-icon audience. ? Style or Image Madonna style and image always changed with her new album release in market and not m any celebrities willing to do the same thing with Madonna because its take a higher cost. For example that we can give here about Madonna style or image is in her album name Music here image was Acid rock, tongue in cheek Miss USA/cow girl and in album Like a Virgin like a Prayer her image is originally a Marilyn glamour image. ? Trademark The trademark of Madonna was her dance, which is her dance for all albums is different from one and other and for all album Madonna has set her own dance. For example in album Ray of Light the dance step was a classic dance pop and for album hard candy the dance step is more to hip hop. Sex appeal As what we know Madonna like to show her sex appeal to public and it’s was her attraction to make her fans buy her album or watch her movie. Her sex appeal is hard to imitate by other celebrity because her has her own persona of sex appeal that other artist didn’t has and also Madonna really confident with her sex appearances in public. Create a situation of imperfect mobility – The capabilities that sustain differentiatio n cannot be traded. Her self Something that cannot being change or imitate by other celebrity is Madonna voice. Even her now already 25 years in entertainment industry but she still can maintain her vocal establish and didn’t has any singer have a similar voice like Madonna, ever her singing style also cannot be imitate by other singer and it never change until now. ? Trademark As we know Madonna trademark was her dance, and Madonna dance step is difference from other celebrity because it has an own style and persona while her dance. Madonna and dance is something that we cannot change because Madonna started her career in entertainment industry with dance and until now she still with her interesting in dance. ? Sex appeal Sex and Madonna is one of the thing that we cannot change because Madonna always come out with her sexuality story in media and it’s like something compulsory to Madonna in this entertainment industry. Most of Madonna fans also know her because of her sex appeal story and not because her talent in music. Establish a lower cost position – Competitors can allow an organization to sustain better margins that can be reinvested to achieve and maintain differentiation. ? Album All Madonna album was receive a good feed back from her fans and most of her albums are sold more than what she expected because a price of her album was an affordable and anybody can buy it. Not just that, the quality of her album also appropriate with the price given and make her fans feel satisfied. Tour / Concert In all Madonna tour most of the ticket is sold out and it’s proving to us that Madonna concert get an excellent reception from her fans. Her ticket price also affordable and the place divided also make all her fans can watch her performances in suitable situation. Not just that, Madonna basically has a surprise to her fans in her performance. Question 3 What might threaten the sustainability of her success? Answer 3 There have several factors that can be threatening the sustainability of Ma donna successful in entertainment industry and the factor is: ? Her own self Her own self can be the biggest threat for her future career in show business because with her habit like to present the controversy in media will arrive the negative impact for her in long term. After 25 years in music industry she always makes the negative controversy and it will make the fans keep bored with the bad story about their idol. If that happen, Madonna career also will goes down and it’s hard for her to wake up again after that. ? Criticism Madonna gets too many criticisms along her career because of the controversy that her always make when her new album need to release in market. Maybe for her it’s just the trick to promote her new song and just a part of her marketing strategy, but for the other parties who give the critic to her will feel that Madonna is wrong icon for them because don’t know how to care her fans sensitivity. ? New artists with new talents Now days too many new talent or star came out in entertainment industry and it will give bad impact to Madonna because most of the new generation likes to watch and give their support to new artists compare than the oldies. Most of the new artist now has a new talent that we can’t see from the previous evergreen generation. So that Madonna should work harder to make sure her reputation will not go down and can become a diva forever. ? Reality shows The reality show also can be the biggest threat for Madonna in music industry because of too many reality shows playing in television now and the contestant for the program also has a big talent and their idea also new and fresh. When the new talented star will come out from that reality shows, it will give pressure to Madonna to stay in entertainment industry for a long term. Sex appearances Madonna and sex appeal is synonym in entertainment industry because her always like to show her sex appearance to public more compare to promoted her album or films. Most of her story in magazine or from paparazzi is about her sex appeal is too much and have a one time her well known as a sex icon more than a singer or movie star and it’s can become a threa ts to her because her sex story more than her album or movie story. ? Competitor As we know all celebrity has their own competitor in entertainment industry and it’s goes same to Madonna. For her latest competitor in music industry was a Britney Spears. It is because Britney and Madonna do a come back in music industry almost in the same time and when the time that downfall of Madonna, Britney also face the same situation as Madonna. Not just that, Madonna and Britney also well known as a celebrity who like to do a controversy and always come out with their sex appearance in public. Conclusion Madonna rocketed to stardom so quickly in 1984 that it obscured most of her musical virtues. Appreciating her music became even more difficult as the decade wore on, as discussing her lifestyle became more common than discussing her music. However, one of Madonna’s greatest achievements is how she manipulated the media and the public with her music, her videos, her publicity, and her sexuality. Arguably, Madonna was the first female pop star to have complete control of her music and image. Madonna named also list as a one of People Magazine’s ’50 Most Beautiful People of 1991†², and ’25 Most Intriguing People of 2001†². It is because Madonna has her own Image, music genre and targeted audiences for each albums that been produced in market. She also was the first global brand name to make content delivered to mobile phones seem downright dope. Not just for consumers in Asia and Europe, who’d long been exposed to any number of mobile content and marketing campaigns, but to mobile newbie’s who just happen to be the ultimate arbiters of pop culture cool: America’s teenagers. Madonna has been dubbed â€Å"one of the greatest pop acts of all time† and dubbed â€Å"The Queen of Pop† by some media. She is ranked by the Recording Industry Association of America as the best-selling female rock artist of the twentieth century and the second top-selling female artist in the United States with 63 million certified albums. Guinness World Records list her as the world’s most successful female recording artist of all time and the top-earning female singer in the world with an estimated net worth of over US$400 million, having sold over 200 million records worldwide. On March 10, 2008, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. How to cite Madonna Case Study, Free Case study samples

International Marketing Persuasive Essay Example For Students

International Marketing Persuasive Essay A firms international marketing program must generally be modified and adapted to foreign markets. This international marketing program uses strategies to accomplish its marketing goals. Within each foreign nation, the firm is likely to find a combination of marketing environment and target markets that are different from those of its own home country and other foreign countries. It is important that in international marketing, product, pricing, distribution and promotional strategies be adapted accordingly. In order for an international firm to function properly, cultural, social, economic, and legal forces within the country must be clearly understood. The task of International marketing is more difficult and risky than expected by many firms. One of the most controlling factors of international marketing is management. It is very important for managers to recognize the differences as well as similarities in buyer behavior. Many mistakes can occur if managers fail to realize that buyers differ from country to country. It is the international differences in buyer behavior, rather than similarities, which cause problems in successful international marketing. An international marketing manager is a manager responsible for facilitating the exchange of products between the organization and its customers or clients. Sometimes an international marketing manager will find difficulties in completing the exchange of products. Many surprises in international business are undesirable human mistakes. An international corporation must fully understand the foreign environment before pursuing business matters. Problems constantly crop up and many times have unexpected results. Sometimes these unexpected results are unavoidable. Other time s they are avoidable. To be sure those avoidable situations do not occur, international marketing managers must be aware of cultural differences. Cultural differences take place among most nations of the world. Differences in culture are one of the most significant factors in an international company. All nationalities posses unique characteristics, which are unknown to many foreigners. Many of the top international businesses are unaware of these cultural differences. It is very important to understand these cultures in order to market a product successfully. As an example, different nationalities have different beliefs on how business matters should take place. Where some countries prefer to work with a deadline other countries can take this as being offensive. Many countries feel it is an insult to be asked to work under a set time period. A country may feel that a deadline is threatening and may feel backed into a corner. On the other hand, other countries try to expedite matter s by setting deadlines.To be effective in a foreign market it is necessary to understand the local customs. Knowing what to do in a foreign country is as important as knowing what not to do. Failure to understand local customs can lead to serious misunderstandings between business people. The simple rejection of a cup of coffee can lead to total confusion. The decline of an invite is sometimes considered an affront. To avoid making blunders, a person must be able to discern the difference between what is acceptable behavior and what is not acceptable behavior. Violations of a local custom can be insulting, and can cause uncomfortable situations. To be a successful manager of international marketing, one must be able to discern the differences as to what must and must not be done. It is almost impossible to attain complete knowledge and understanding of a foreign culture. As established, culture plays an important role in the drama of international marketing. Of all the cultural aspects, communication may be the most critical. It is certain that communication has been involved in a number of cultural confusion. Good communication linkages must be set between a company and its customers, suppliers, its employees, and the governments of the countries where it performs business activities. Poor communication can obviously cause various difficulties. One source of difficulty among starting companies is that of effective communication with potential buyers. The problem is that there are many possible communication barriers. Sometimes messages can be translated incorrectly, regulations overlooked, and economic differences can be ignored. Other times when the message does arrive, its ineffectiveness can cause it to be of no value. Every now and then a buyer will receive the message, but to the companies disappointment, the message was sent incorrect. It is n ormal in multinational businesses to send and receive messages on a regular basis. Many well-known people have incapacitated public speech introductions by using inaccurate titles and names. Not all communication problems are verbal. Some serious problems have occurred as a result of non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication exist in numerous forms. Sometimes a persons appearance can convey a stronger message than intended. Untidy attire, for example, can be more offensive in some nations than in others. The local people often are willing to overlook most of the mistakes made by tourist. On the other hand, locals are less tolerant of the errors of business people. It is very important to be able to interpret the different means of communication in international marketing. In America, we sometimes take for granted the display of products on the market. However, in other nations such product array and selection do not always exist. It is important to understand that even if l ocal customers can afford a certain product, they may not always want it. If by chance are interested, it may be only if it is substantially modified to fit their local preferences and taste. These adaptations exist in the form of product and package. The alteration of a material product is sometimes required to match the product to local taste and conditions. Adaptation of the package is often needed to attract customers to the product. Many times adaptation is also used to maintain a products righteousness in a unique environment. A firm is occasionally forced to modify both the product and the package to create an appropriate product for the new market. Some products may require more technical modification than others may. Measurement systems vary between countries, and often components need to be adjusted to cleave to local standards. The need for product adaptation has existed for many years. In 1857 Englands East India Company possibly lost control of India because it failed t o modify a product it provided. A product may be well acceptable in markets, but may not sell if housed in an inappropriate package. Packages promote the product and they protect it. International packaging must be able to withstand the journey. Some countries have exported their products only to witness the return of crushed and half-empty containers. Packaging can sometimes bring embarrassment to a company. Medical containers made in the U.S. drew unwanted attention because they carried the instructions Take off top and push in bottom. These messages was harmless here in America, but were sexual and humorous connotations to the British.Often the choice of package and product is difficult. Sometimes companies have failed to sell their products overseas because of the packaging of a product. Each firm must determine the area most appropriate for its product. Determining the region where it is most appropriate to market a product is not an easy task. Wherever the location of these pl aces, they must be found because market testing is essential in international marketing. Cuba: Crimes Against Human Rights EssayThe different types of pricing can vary in international marketing. Geographic pricing strategies deal with delivery cost. The seller may assume all delivery cost, no matter where the buyer is located. The seller may share transportation cost with the buyer to pay the greatest part of delivery cost. When a foreign product enters a country, there is a tax added to the cost. Import duties are designed to protect specific domestic industries by raising the prices of competing imported products. The importer first pays most of the import duties.After the importer pays the price it is then passed on to the customers through higher prices. These higher prices are usually less competitive. The cost of shipping and complying with other various regulations can also add to the pricing method. Prices are also effected by exchange rates, especially by changes in these rates. Financial limitations are normally imposed through exchange rates. It is required to convert local currency to foreign currency at government-imposed exchange rates. Because of the added cost and uncertainties in the exchange rate, prices tend to be higher in foreign markets than in domestic markets. An important economic consideration is the distribution of income. The distribution of income, especially discretionary income, can widely vary from nation to nation. Discretionary income is of particular interest to marketers because consumers have more input in the spending of it. Income creates purchasing power. International marketers tend to concentrate on higher income countries as either personal, disposable, or discretionary. For obvious reasons, marketers tend to concentrate on higher income countries. Some producers have found that their products are more likely to sell in countries with low income. As in domestic marketing, the determining factor is how well the product satisfies its target market. International marketing encompasses all business activities that involve exchanges across national boundaries. A firm may enter the international market for many reasons. Whatever the reason international marketing can provide and efficient way of entering the market. A firms marketing program must be adapted to foreign markets to account for differences in the business environment and target markets form nation to nation. The marketing mix may require the modification of cultural, social, economic, and legal differences. Foreign marketing requires the understanding of various additional costs, which tend to increase the prices of exported goods. The marketing program of an international company must adapt to the necessities of a foreign market. The strategies it uses to accomplish a firms marketing goal should be the main priority of the marketing program. False assumptions frequently cause expensive mistakes in the market. The importance of international marketing